
Class. _^Z<^_ 



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COFfi^icifl' DEPosrr. 



FROM THE OLD WORLD TO THE NEW 



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FROM THE OLD WORLD TO 

THE NEW '"- '" 

HOW AMERICA WAS FOUND 
AND SETTLED 

BY 

MARGUERITE STOCKMAN DICKSON 

WITH 3fANY ILLUSTRATIONS 




THE MACMILLAN COMPANY 

LONDON: MACMILLAN & CO., Ltd. 
1902 

All rights reserved 



THE LIBRARY OF 
CONGRESS, 

Two CoPiks Received 

SEP, L-; 1902 

jCopvbwht entbv 
C" ASS A^XXc No. 
COPY 8. ' 



COPTKIGHT, 1902, 

By the MACMILLAN COMPANY. 



Set up and electrotyped September, 1902. 






Norfaooti iPreas 

J. S. CuBhiug & Co. — Berwick & Smith 

Norwood Mass. U.S.A. 



TO 

1^2 ?|ustiantr 



WITHOUT WHOSE CONSTANT ENCOURAGEMENT 

AND HELP THE BOOK WOULD NEVER 

HAVE BEEN WRITTEN 



PREFACE 

The aim of this little book is to place before our 
younger graramar school children a simple connected 
account of the discovery and settlement of America. The 
day of the biographical primary history is passing. That 
of the book of disconnected " history stories " is already 
past. History is an ever lengthening chain of causes and 
effects. As such we must teach it. We must seek in the 
Old World the facts which will make possible our knowl- 
edge of the New. We must look far back of Columbus to 
find the real meaning of the discoverer's work. We must 
look upon that work as in its turn a cause of other move- 
ments, fraught with mighty consequences for us of to-day. 
We must teach our children not so much "what" as 
"why." Then only will the maze of facts become to 
them intelligible. Then only will they find in historical 
reading and study the joy which should be theirs. 

Grateful acknowledgment is due those who have helped 
me in the work now completed. To Miss Anne Parmelee, 
of the Richards Library, Newport, N.H., who placed at 
my disposal the resources of the library ; to Mr. Lawton 



Viu PREFACE 

L. Walton, whose assistance in obtaining the ilhistrations 
has been invaluable ; to Mr. Carl Becker, of the depart- 
ment of History at Dartmouth College, who read and 
criticised the proof of the book ; to Ginn & Company, 
and to the American Book Company, for their courtesy in 
aiding my reference work ; and to my husband, who made 
the sketches for the maps which appear in the book, I 
extend my thanks. 

MARGUERITE STOCKMAN DICKSON. 



CONTENTS 



CHAPTEK PAGE 

I. Foreword 1 

II. The Norsemen 5 

III. Europe and the East 14 

IV. Columbus and his Work 23 

V. Columbus and his Work . 35 

VI. Early Explorers : Cabot, Vespucius, Balboa, Magel- 
lan 47 

VII. The Indians 56 

VIII. Spain's Attempts at Colonizing. North America . 64 

IX. French Explorations and Settlements .... 75 

X. England's First Attempts at Colonization ... 88 

XI. Virginia 101 

XII. Virginia . . . , 109 

XIII. The Pilgrims at Plymouth 119 

XIV. Hudson's Voyage to America 135 

XV. The Dutch Colony of New Netherland . . . 147 

XVI. New England again : The Puritan Colony, Rhode 

Island 157 

Maryland, Delaware, New Jersey, Pennsylvania . 164 

Indian Troubles in New England 174 

Afterword 184 

Chart of Discoveries and Explorations . . . 189 

Suggested Headings for Review Forms . . . 190 

Book List 191 

Difficult Words selected from Text .... 193 

ix 



ILLUSTRATIONS 

PAGE 

A Norse Sea King 5 

Viking Ship 7 

Encounter between Northmen and Natives 10 

A Caravan crossing the Desert 17 

A Turk 17 

A Crusader 18 

Marco Polo 19 

Henry the Navigator 20 

Columbus 24 

Columbus at the Court of Queen Isabella 27 

The Fleet of Columbus 29 

Landing of Columbus 37 

Reception of Columbus upon his Return 39 

Departure of Columbus on his Second Voyage 41 

John Cabot 47 

Vespucius 48 

Magellan 50 

Balboa's First Sight of the Pacific 51 

View in the Strait of Magellan 53 

Indian War Dance 59 

Indian Picture Writing 60 

An Indian Wigwam 61 

Homes of Cliff-dwellers 62 

De Soto's Discovery of the Mississippi 69 

The Spanish Gate, St. Augustine 71 

Fort Caroline 78 

Quebec in Early Times . 80 

Champlain . 81 

Canadian Fur Trader 82 

A French Missionary 83 

Sir Walter Raleigh 91 

xi 



xn ILLUSTRATIONS 



Scene on Roanoke Island '"'^qo 

Meeting of English Shijjs with the Spanish Armada '.'.'.'. 95 

Return of Governor AVhite to Deserted Roanoke Island . .' .' 96 

Captain John Smith " " lOS 

Pocahontas '107 

Crowning the Chief of the Powhatans •....'.*' no 

Loi-d Delaware's Ships meeting the Starving Colonists . . . .' 113 

An Old Virginia Mansion ' j 1 k 

Wealthy Virginians — their Costumes and Manners . . . . 116 

Embarkation of the Pilgrims ! * 123 

Plymouth Rock as it looks To-day ' .* ." 125 

Captain Miles Standish and his Soldiers .....'." 105 

Landing of the Pilgrims '. . V>7 

Pilgrims going to Church ' .' .' 131 

A Scene in Holland . . 10- 

o • , ^ ••••••• loo 

Scene m the Spice Islands 23^ 

The Palisades ,oq 

The i/n//3/oon in the Highlands — Hudson Landing . . . .141 

New Amsterdam 1 -n 

Dutch Family Scene ' ' 151 

The Puritan ' " , 

Roger Williams Church, Salem . . . . . . ' * 160 

Roger Williams among the Indians .161 

Typical Quaker " * I66 

William Penn 167 

Scene in Old Philadelphia .169 

Penn Treaty Tree .170 

Penn dancing among the Indians 270 

General Oglethorpe ly. 

Savannah in the Eighteenth Century 272 

Indian in War Paint * 274 

Pequot Fort 276 

New England Block-house .177 

Indians setting Fire to the House at Brookfield 279 



SUGGESTIONS TO TEACHERS 

This book is intended to cover a year's work. Each 
chapter will fmnish a foundation for work covering at 
least two weeks, provided the text is supplemented by 
outside reading and more or less other class work. 

In order that the teacher may be aided in the prepara- 
tory work, without which the reading will not produce 
the best results, a list of words most likely to make 
trouble for the child when he meets them in the text has 
been prepared. This hst will be found at the end of the 
book, and is arranged by chapters. It can be used for 
dictionary work, for practice in sight pronunciation, or in 
any way the teacher approves. 

In addition to this list, there have been selected from 
each chapter a few words for definition work. It is 
believed that a knowledge of the exact meaning of these 
words will add much to the child's understanding of the 
text. These selected words are placed among the " Things 
to Do" at the end of each chapter. It is suggested, 
however, that the work on them be done before the 
chapter from which they are taken be read. 

The " Things to Read " are selected with special atten- 
tion to the capacity of the children for whom the book is 



xiv SUGGESTIONS TO TEACHERS 

written. The lists are merely suggestive; most teachers 
will no doubt be glad to add to them the books which 
they have found helpful in the work. The books are, 
almost without exception, of little cost, and can be readily 
obtained by most schools. Most of them are suitable and 
attractive books for the school library. A list of these 
books with their prices and the names of their publishers 
will be found at the end of the volume. It is earnestly 
hoped that teachers will endeavor to place these books 
or others from the long list of historical literatm'e for 
children in the hands of their pupils. 

The " Things to Do," found at the end of each chapter, 
are intended to help fix in the mind of the child the 
facts he has read by at once making use of them in 
doing something, — making a map, finding and mounting 
a picture, or writing a composition on some phase of the 
subject. The composition work especially, if carefully 
done, in class, and without reference to books during the 
writing, will prove most helpful. 

The maps in the book are designed for real service, — 
first, for consultation in connection with the reading, and 
then in most cases for copying by the children. By the 
use of stencils, which are easily made by the teacher or 
by the pupils, or by using tracing paper, the outlines may 
be readily transferred. 



PLAN OF WOKK 

WHICH MAY BE APPLIED TO EACH CHAPTER 

Preparatory. Study pronimciation and meaning of 
words taken from the chapter. (See list, page 193.) 

Find exact meaning (write, if possible) of the words 
given in " Things to Do " at end of chapter. 

Lesson I. Read the chapter, treating it as far as 
possible as a unit. Consult the map dining the reading. 

Lesson II. Talk over the chapter read at previous 
lesson, clearing up doubtful points and strengthening 
children's memory of the whole. Read the " Things to 
Remember" at end of chapter. 

Reference reading by the class or to them will occupy 
as much time as can be spared for it. Children may do 
some of this at home. 

" Things to Do " will follow the " Things to Read," and 
will complete the work on the chapter. 



XT 



FROM THE OLD WORLD TO 
THE NEW 



Once upon a time, as the story books say, a great 
thing happened in this old world of ours. Perhaps you 
know already what this great event was, and will tell me 
that I mean the discovery of America. And if I ask 
how and when and by whom this discovery was made, 
perhaps you will be ready to tell me that too. 

But you must remember that so great a thing as 
the discovery of a new world was not accomplished by 
one man alone, nor was it accomplished in the single 
day when Columbus first saw land after his long voyage. 
Sometimes we think of it as if a great curtain had been 
rolled away from before the eyes of Columbus, disclosing 
the whole continent of America; so that he had only 
to go home and tell the king of Spain that the New 
World was discovered. 

This is a very wrong idea. We must look back many 
years before the time of Columbus to find the beginning 



2 FROM THE OLD WORLD TO THE NEW 

of the great work, and we must study on to a time many 
years after his death before we can say that Europe has 
really found America. Years of toil, great sums of 
money, the suffering and the death of many brave men, 
were necessary before the work was done. And even 
then it took centuries more to find what the new conti- 
nent was like, to settle it with white people, and to make 
it useful to the world. 

It is not one story, but many, that we must read, if 
we are to know how it all came about. We must read 
about old Europe and the people there before we can 
know about America and the new nations that were 
planted here by European hands. 

So let us set out upon our journey, following the 
white-winged ships on their voyages across the blue 
waters, from the Old World to the New. 




'-A 



II 



Fae away in the cold northern countries that we know 
as Norway and Sweden and Denmark, there lived a race 
of men who called themselves Vikings. They are often 
called Northmen or Norsemen, but I 
like best their own name for themselves. 
Viking means " son of the bay," and it 
helps us to know what kind of people 
they were — bold and hardy, fond of 
adventure, and full of love for the great 
blue ocean that crept up into the thou- 
sands of bays along their shores. They 
built many ships, and we hear of their 
daring voyages in almost every part of 
Europe. 

It happened that in Norway during 
the year 872 a great war that had 
lasted for twelve years came to an end 
Fairhair won a splendid victory on the sea, and many 
a proud old Viking had to bend before his power. 
There was but one way to escape, and that to the 
Vikings seemed a very easy and a very pleasant way. 

5 




A Norse Sea King. 



King Harold 



6 FROM THE OLD WORLD TO THE XEW 

They were soon on board their trusty ships, sailing away 
to make new homes far from King Harold and his 
hated rule. 

If we could have followed these Viking sailors, we should 
have found some of them going to England and to France, 
where their kinsmen had already settled ; some to Ireland 
and the smaller islands near by ; but perhaps more than 
to any other place they went to build up a Viking 
colony in Iceland. Their settlements there grew rapidly, 
and we may read about their farms and hay crops, their 
sheep and cattle, and, as we should expect, about their 
ships and their trade with all the countries round about. 

Would you like to see a Viking ship ? It would not 
look much like one of our ships to-day, nor would it 
travel so fast as ships do now. The bow and the stern 
rose high out of the water, but the middle was lower 
and had no deck. Each vessel carried from thirty to 
sixty rowers, who used oars twenty feet long. A single 
mast and but one sail, both of which could be taken down 
when not in use, completed Avhat would seem to us a 
strange ship. But they were well built, and in them the 
Northmen used to spend many weeks at a time upon the 
sea. 

Only two years after Iceland was settled, one of these 
ships was driven westward by a storm till it reached what 
we now call Greenland. There, shut in by the ice, the 



FROM THE OLD WORLD TO THE NEW 7 

crew passed the winter, going back to Iceland when the 
summer set the vessel free. Think of the stories they 
had to tell their children and grandchildren of that 
strange winter in the cold, icy country in the West. 







Viking Ship. 



More than a hundred years after this a Norseman, 
named Eric the Red, was ordered to leave Iceland be- 
cause he had killed a man. He made up his mind to 
hunt for this western land he had heard about, and set 
out with his followers for a long voyage. They found the 



8 FROM THE OLD WORLD TO THE NEW 

land, and after looking about for a good place in which to 
live, they settled in what was, perhaps, the pleasantest 
spot on the whole coast. It was during the short 
northern summer, and the green grass looked so beauti- 
ful to Eric that he called the place Greenland. Soon 
more people came to Greenland, and several settlements 
were made. 

Then comes a story of a Viking ship, whose captain, 
after roving about on the sea for some years, came home 
to Iceland to see his old father. But he found his old 
home deserted, and his father gone to the new Greenland 
colony with Eric the Red. Away into the west sailed the 
son, steering by the sun and stars after the Viking fashion. 
But soon a thick fog came, and neither sun nor stars could 
be seen. On, on, sailed the Viking ship, with its bold 
young captain, who wanted to find Greenland and his 
old father. 

After a time land was seen, but it was a woody shore 
with only low hills in the background, and not at all like 
the rough, snowbound country Greenland was said to be. 
So the captain knew that he had lost his way, and, turning 
the bow of the ship to the north, sailed back until he 
reached the Greenland shore. He had gone beyond Green- 
land, you see, a step nearer to this great America that was 
hidden beyond the ocean, waiting to be found. The young 
captain must have been very busy thinking of his father. 



FROM THE OLD WORLD TO THE NEW 9 

it seems to me, or he would have wondered more about 
the j)lace he had seen. 

But there was a man who wondered about it, though 
the young captain did not. This was Leif, the son of 
Eric, or Leif Ericsson, as he is often called. He made 
up his mind to see what this new land was like, and in 
the year 1000 he sailed with thirty-five men in search of 
it. After sailing south from Greenland for a time, they 
came to a land covered with large flat stones. They 
called this Slateland and sailed on. A few days later 
they found another country where there were many 
forests. This they named Woodland. Again they went 
on, and after two days they landed once more. They de- 
cided to pass the winter in this place, and they named it 
Vinland, because of the great number of wild grapes there. 
Well pleased with the land they had found, they returned 
home in the spring. 

" Where was Vinland ? " you would like to ask, and so 
should I like to answer if I could. That it was some- 
where between Nova Scotia and Long Island Sound we 
may be almost sure, but just where we cannot tell. 

During the next ten or twelve years several voyages 
were made to Vinland to obtain wood, which was abun- 
dant there, and at least two attempts were made to found 
a colony. Both of these failed because the Northmen 
began to have trouble with the natives. They described 



10 



FROM THE OLD WORLD TO THE NEW 



the savages as at first glad to trade with them, exchang- 
ing furs for little strips of scarlet cloth ; but after a while 
there were quarrels, and the natives became fierce and 




Encocntek between Northmen and Natives. 

warlike. Many of the Northmen were killed, and there 
seem to have been no more attempts to explore or settle 
Vinland. 

The Vikings came and looked upon our land, but they 
never owned any of it, and in time came almost to forget 
that it was here. Indeed, after about four hundred years, 
even the colony at Greenland was deserted, and the New 
World left once more to its savage owners. 



FROM THE OLD WORLD TO THE NEW 11 



THE VIKINGS' SONG 

The wind is blowing from off the shore, 

And our sail has felt its force ; 
For our bark bounds forth o'er the crested wave, 

Like a wild and restive horse. 
Our sharp prow cleaves the billows, 

And breaks them into spray, 
And they brightly gleam in the glad sunlight 

As we speed upon our way. 

To our oars we bend with a right good will, 

And all sorrow leave behind. 
Like the white-winged gulls that around us wheel. 

We are racing with the wind. 
Each day we'll pray to heaven, 

Nor shall we pray in vain, 
For the gods will watch o'er our sturdy barks. 

And will guide us home again. 

Lords of the waves we are — 

Kings of the seething foam — 
Warriors bold from the Norseland cold — 

Far o'er the sea we roam. 

— GIBNEY. 



12 FROM THE OLD WORLD TO THE NEW 



THINGS TO REMEMBER 

1. The Vikings or ISTorthmen lived in the northwestern part of 
Europe. 

2. The Vikings were great sailors. 

3. They made a colony in Iceland in the year 874. 

4. Two years later they found Greenland. After many years 
some aSTorthmen settled there. 

5. By chance a country southwest of Greenland was found. 

6. In the year 1000 Leif Ericsson made a voyage to find this 
land again. 

7. He found it and spent the winter there. He called it Vin- 
land. 

8. The Vikings tried to make a colony in Vinland, but did not 
succeed. 

9. Vinland must have been somewhere on the northeastern coast 
of North America. 

THINGS TO READ 

1. Legends of the Northmen — from Higginson's " Young Folks' 
Series," No. 1. 

2. The Northmen — from Drake's " New England Legends," 
pp. 393-444. 

3. Harald the Viking — from Higginson's " Tales of the En- 
chanted Islands of the Atlantic," pp. 168-185. 

4. Sheldon-Barnes's " Studies in American History," pp. 6-12. 

5. The Skeleton in Armor — Longfellow. 

Consult United States histories upon this and other subjects 
treated in this book. 



FilOM THE OLD WORLD TO THE NEW 13 



THINGS TO DO 

1. Write an imaginary account of the voyage of Leif Ericsson, 
supposing yourself to be one of his men. The following topics may 
help you : — 

I. The reason for our journey — leaving home — my feelings. 
II. Our captain — the ship. 

III. What we saw as we sailed along — Slateland — Wood- 

land. 

IV. Vinland — what it was like — the people we saw there. 

2. Make a map showing the following places : Norway, Sweden, 
Denmark, Iceland, Greenland, the part of America where Vinland 
must have been. 

3. Make a little book about the Vikings. You can put into it 
your story of the voyage, your map, and a copy of the Vikings' 
Song. 

4. Find the exact meaning of explore. 



Ill 



We may wonder how it happened that the knowledge 
of Vinland did not spread to the other countries of Eiu-ope, 
and why no other j)eople made voyages to explore and 
settle the new land. There were many reasons for this. 
One was that the Northmen, in spite of their many voy- 
ages, had little knowledge of geography, and so had no 
idea that they had found anything strange or unexpected. 

Another reason was that in Europe this was a time 
of great confusion and many wars. People were not 
thinking much about exploring new countries. And still 
another was that Europeans did not care much what lay 
to the west of them. What little attention they had to 
spare from their troubles was turned toward the East; 
toward India, the land of spices and diamonds and pearls ; 
toward Cathay, the land of silk ; toward that mysterious 
island which they called Cipango, which, though none of 
them had been there to see, was believed to be the richest 
of them all. 

There had been for many hundreds of years some trade 
with the East. Caravans from Asia brought goods to the 
shores of the Red Sea, the Caspian, and the Persian Gulf. 

14 



FROM THE OLD WORLD TO THE NEW 

y — 



17 




-<CJ^^ - 



A Caravan crossing the Desert. 

There they were met by European traders, who brought 
the goods, partly by land and partly by sea, to Europe. 
Constantinople had become a great commercial city, the 
centre of much of this 
eastern trade. Her shij^s 
sailed up through the 
Strait of Bosporus and 
the Black Sea to meet 
the caravans which had 
come across the moun- 
tains and the deserts 
which lay between the 
people of Em-ope and 
those of the great East. 

In the eleventh century a Turk. 

Europe was threatened by a great danger, which made 
people think more than ever of the countries to the east 




18 



FROM THE OLD WORLD TO THE NEW 



of them. The Turks, a fierce and warlike tribe, began 
to come in vast companies from their homes in Central 
Asia, and soon took possession of the whole eastern end 
of the Mediterranean. The Holy Land, to which Chris- 
tian pilgrims journeyed every year 
to worship, was no longer safe be- 
cause of these intruders. 

Christians everywhere throughout 
Europe became alarmed. Armies were 
formed, and the crusades or "wars 
of the cross" were begun, to drive 
back the Turks from the Holy Land, 
and to keep them from capturing 
Eiu-ope itself. One crusade followed 
another for nearly two centuries ; but 
the Christians never succeeded in 
really driving the Tm-ks away. 
One of the great results of the crusades was to interest 
people even more in the East, and to increase the com- 
merce with India. Venice and Genoa became great trade 
centres, and the Mediterranean was filled with richly laden 
ships. Great fortunes were made. Wealth and learning 
spread through Europe. There grew up much curiosity 
about the Indies and Cathay. The men who came with 
the caravans often told the traders strange stories about 
their countries in the East. Marco Polo, a man who had 




A Crusader. 



FROM THE OLD WORLD TO THE NEW 



19 



really been in these far-away countries, came home and 
told wonderful tales of the richness and splendor of what 
he saw. He told of beautiful rivers, with hundreds of 
great cities on their banks, of the rich products of the 
countries, and of a great ocean away to the east of Cathay, 
in which lay the lovely island of Cipango. 

During all these years, while the stories about Asia were 
arousing more and more interest, the Turks had been gath- 
ering strength once more, and now, after hard fighting, in 
1453 they captured Constantinople. This was a great 
blow to European commerce. 
Just as people were begin- 
ning to find out something 
about the East the way 
was closed. They could no 
longer meet the caravans 
from India on the shore of 
the Black Sea ; they did not 
even dare to go by way of 
the Red Sea, for fear of the 
Turkish vessels always on 
the watch for them. 

What should they do ? Must they do without gold and 
pearls and diamonds, without spices and ivory and silks ? 
Then some of the learned men began to wonder if there 
was no other way to India. Some one remembered about 




Marco Polo. 



20 



FROM THE OLD WORLD TO THE NEW 



the great ocean Marco Polo had told them of. What 
ocean was it ? How could they get to it ? Or could they 
perhaps sail around Africa, and so through the Indian 

Ocean to India? 

This was not an en- 
tirely new idea. The 
western coast of Af- 
rica had been explored 
for a short distance, be- 
fore this time. Prince 
Henry of Portugal, 
afterward known as 
Henry the Navigator, 
had sent many ships 
down the coast to 
search for gold and to 
see if an ocean route 
Henuv thk Navigatuk. to the Indies could 

not be found. Now he tried harder than ever. The 
story of the voyages would be a long one. It was slow 
worlv ; but year by year the ships crept a little farther 
south. The sailors were easily frightened and often 
wished to turn back. Many of the captains themselves 
believed that in the Torrid Zone the ocean was of boiling 
water and the air was filled Avith flame. 

But still they went on, encouraged by Prince Henry, 




FROM THE OLD WORLD TO THE NEW 21 

who was a great man, and one that we should honor for 
his zeal and steadiness of purpose. When he died, in 1463, 
the Gold Coast had been reached, and we find ourselves 
wishing that he could have lived to see the good work go 
on. Each year the ships sailed farther south. In 1471 
the Equator was crossed, and in 1486 the Cape of Good 
Hope was discovered. The Portuguese seemed likely to 
be the ones who would answer the question, " How shall 
we reach the Indies ? " 

THINGS TO REMEMBER 

1. At the time Vinland was found, most people in Europe were 
more interested in the East than in the West. 

2. There was much trade with the East. 

3. In the eleventh century the Turks captured the Holy Land. 

4. During the next two hundred years the crusades against the 
Turks took place. 

5. People became more interested in the East than ever. 

6. In 1453 the Turks took Constantinople. 

7. Commerce with the East was stopped. 

8. It became necessary to find a new route to India. 

9. Henry the Navigator sent ships down the coast of Africa. 
10. These ships passed the Equator in 1471 and the Cape of Good 

Hope in 1486. 

THINGS TO READ 

1. About Marco Polo : — 

Noah Brooks's " Story of Marco Polo," pp. 1-25, 128-138, 
156-157, 166-168, 171-173, 201-202, 214-218, 228-230, 
239-240. 



22 FROM THE OLD WORLD TO THE NEW 

Extracts from his stories — Sheldon-Barnes, pp. 12-16. 

Towle's "Heroes." 

Shaw's " Discoverers and Explorers," pp. 16-23. 

Harper''s Magazine, Vol. 46, p. 1. 

New England Magazine, Vol. 6, p. 803. 

THINGS TO DO 

1. Find the exact meaning of caravan, commercial, Christian. 

2. Find ont what years mark the beginning and the end of 
the eleventh century. 

3. Find out what you can about the Turks. 

4. Make a map showing the routes of trade with India before 
Constantinople was taken. 

5. Write about Marco Polo, using the following topics : — 

I. Where he had travelled. 

II. His book — what it was about. 

III. Some of the wonderful things he described. 

IV. What people thought of his stories. 



IV 



Just when the idea that the earth is round came into 
men's minds we cannot tell, but we know that it had 
been believed by learned men for many years before the 
times of which we have been reading, although the 
common people probably had no idea of such a thing. 
There had been men, too, who had thought that if the 
earth is round, Cathay might be reached by sailing west. 
After 1471, when the Portuguese ships succeeded in sail- 
ing beyond the Equator, and it began to be seen that the 
voyage around the coast of Africa would be a long one, 
more men took up these ideas of a western route. 

Portugal was the great gathering place for those who 
were interested in these questions, and there we find a 
man who grew to be very sure that sailing west was 
the best way to reach Asia. This man was Christopher 
Columbus. 

He was a native of Genoa, and had come from his 
home in Genoa to Lisbon, where we hear of him making 
his living sometimes by voyages on the sea, and sometimes 
by making maps for other sailors. We do not know much 
about his early life. He was fairly well educated, and 

23 



24 FROM THE OLD WORLD TO THE NEW 

had a great love for geography, probably because he had 
S23ent so much of his life on the ocean. 

He was the first of those who believed in the western 
route to think of really trying it himself. It took a good 




Columbus. 

deal of courage to be willing to do such a thing. There 
were many difficulties to be overcome. The ships of that 
time were small and easily wrecked. The fear of the 



FROM THE OLD WORLD TO THE NEW 25 

unknown ocean, which was called the " Sea of Dark- 
ness," was great, and the distance to be travelled seemed 
almost endless. No one knew, of course, how far it was, 
but the geographers had reckoned, as nearly as they could, 
the size of the earth, and some of their estimates were not 
far from the actual distance. 

Columbus thought the earth smaller than it really is. 
He believed that by sailing west only twenty-five hundred 
miles he would come to Japan. The actual distance from 
Portugal to Japan is more than twelve thousand miles. 
Perhaps if Columbus had known how large the earth is, 
he would not have been so eager to start on his voyage. 

The king of Portugal was anxious to know of a shorter 
route to India, so Columbus applied to him for assistance 
in getting money and ships. The king became interested, 
and perhaps might have helped him, if Columbus had not 
asked for such great rewards in return for what he might 
discover. These the king refused, and, I am sorry to say, 
tried to play a trick on Columbus besides. 

After getting copies of the maps and charts by which 
Columbus meant to sail, the king sent out secretly a ship of 
his own to try the route, and so find out whether Colum- 
bus was right or not. But he did not gain anything 
by it after all. The sailors were frightened by the great 
ocean, and soon came back, saying, " You might as well 
expect to find land in the sky as in that waste of waters ! '' 



26 FROM THE OLD WORLD TO THE NEW 

Columbus soon heard of the trick the king had played 
upon hhai, and he was so angry that he at once left Portugal. 
This was in 1484. He determined to apj^ly to the king 
and queen of Spain, and we soon hear of him travelling 
with his little son on his way to the Spanish court. It 
was a long time before he could get the king and queen, 
who were busy with a great war, to pay much attention 
to him. The years slipped by. AYhile he was still wait- 
ing and hoping, the news that a Portuguese ship had 
sailed around the Cape of Good Hope and into the Indian 
Ocean came in 1487. Can't you imagine how impatient 
Columbus must have been to show people that his way 
was a better one than this ? 

It was more than four years later, however, that his 
time came. In 1492 the war that had kept the king and 
queen busy came to an end, and Queen Isabella became 
interested in Columbus and his plans. He came very 
near losing this chance, as he had lost the one in 
Portugal, by wanting too much in return for his work. 
But at last the matter was arranged, and preparations 
for the voyage were begun. 

It was hard work to find sailors who were willing to 
go upon the ships the queen provided. The queen forced 
some to go whether they wished to or not. She released 
criminals from prison also to helj) form the crew. At 
last all was ready, and Columbus set sail from the little 



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FROM THE OLD WORLD TO THE NEW 



29 



Spanish town of Palos, on the morning of August 3, 
1492, with ninety sailors on board the three ships that 
composed the fleet. 

Of these three ships the Santa Maria was the largest 
and was the flagship. The Pinta and Nina were smaller, 




Thk Fleet of Columbus. 

and had no decks. They were not much, if any, larger 
than many of our pleasm^e boats of to-day, but Colmnbus 
was glad to have any ships at all, so I do not believe he 
found any fault with his fleet. 

It was a strange voyage. First, the little ships were 
headed for the Canary Islands, where they remained 
until September 6, repairing the rudder of the Pinta, and 



30 FROM THE OLD WORLD TO THE NEW 

putting new sails on the Nina. Once more they started, 
and were soon out of sight of land. Then it was that 
loneliness and terror of the great waste of rolling waters 
took possession of the j^oor sailors. Nothing but sea and 
sky — the sea glittering in the sunlight by day, or rolling 
black and awful by night ; the sky filled with far-away 
stars, or glaring with the hot rays of the pitiless sun. 

Columbus did not dare to tell the sailors how far they 
were fi'om home, so each day he gave the number of miles 
they had sailed as less than it really was. Anxiously, as 
the days went on, did the admiral look for signs of land. 
Sometimes he saw weeds floating in the water, sometimes 
birds flying overhead, sometimes a crab, once a whale ; 
always something to keep up his corn-age, and something 
to tell the sailors as a sign that land was near. 

Twice they were disappointed, finding what they had 
believed to be land to be only banks of clouds. They had 
been on the great ocean a month. But there were always 
new signs, — floating logs, a branch with berries on it, a 
stick carved by human hands. Late one night Columbus 
thought he saw a moving light. Every eye was strained, 
gazing out into the darkness, every sailor intent upon secur- 
ing the reward offered to him who should first see land. 

The signal agreed upon was the firing of a cannon on 
the ship where the sharp-eyed sailor should prove to be. 
It was two o'clock. The moon was nearing its settmg. 



FROM THE OLD WORLD TO THE NEW 31 

The Pinta was ahead. Boom ! sounded her great giin. 
How the hearts must have beat when the sound was 
heard. Land at last ! To the homesick sailors that 
meant that the weary voyage was over, that they would 
soon be on their homeward way. To Columbus it meant 
success ; it meant wealth, power, and fame ! 

With hearts filled with happy thoughts they furled the 
sails of each little vessel, and lay down to wait the coming 
of the dawn, and the long-sought land. 

THINGS TO EEMEMBER 

1. After 1453 many people became interested in geography. 

2. Portugal was the great gathering place for such people. 

3. Some men believed the earth to be round and that Asia 
could be reached by sailing west. 

4. Christopher Columbus was one of these men. 

5. Unlike the others, he wished to try it for himself. 

6. He needed help in getting money and men. 

7. He asked the king of Portugal to help him. The king 
refused. 

8. Columbus went to Spain. At last Queen Isabella gave him 
three ships and ninetj'' men. 

9. He set out on his voyage August 3, 1492. 
10. On October 12, his ships reached land. 

THINGS TO DO 

1. Pind pictures of Columbus at the court of Queen Isabella, of 
Columbus's ships, and of Columbus on the deck of the Santa Maria. 



32 FROM THE OLD WORLD TO THE NEW 

2. Write about Columbus, using the following topics: — • 
I. Who he was — where he lived. 
II. What he believed — what he wanted to do. 

III. Whom he asked to help him — the result. 

IV. Who did help him at last. 
V. The voyage. 



V 



Early in the morning preparations were made for going 
ashore. Cohimbus, with a small company of officers and 
seamen, carrying the royal banner of Spain, set off in a 
little boat to take possession of the land for the queen. 
What land was it ? Co- 
lumbus could hardly tell v^s^^^^^i^il^^i' 
so soon. It seemed to be 
a l^eautiful little island, 




with green trees and wonderful fruits, with silvery streams, 
and away in the distance a little lake. There were no 
towns nor great buildings to be seen. A few strange-looking 
men had been seen among the trees. It must be some 
island a little to the north of Cipango, thought Columbus. 

35 



36 FROM THE OLD WORLD TO THE NEW 

Reaching the shore, the company fell upon then- knees, 
thanked God for their success, and, holding high the royal 
banner, proclaimed this land a part of the dominion of 
Queen Isabella. A crowd of natives had gathered near, 
watching the strange movements of the newcomers, and 
the Spaniards soon made friends with them. They gave 
them beads and bits of colored cloth, and tried to talk with 
them about the country. It must have been hard for them 
to understand one another. Indeed, we know that Colum- 
bus often misunderstood what they tried to tell hun. 

He called them Indians because he beheved he had 
found the long-sought Indies. This was not, to be sure, 
much hke the land of riches and splendor he had expected 
to find, but surely Cipango was not far away, and there 
he would see the great cities, and find the pearls and the 
gold. 

For three months he sailed about among the islands, 
which we know now to have been the Bahamas. He 
touched upon the shore of Cuba ; he explored Hayti, and 
named it Hispaniola. They were all beautiful, and Colum- 
bus found many strange things to carry home with which 
to astonish the king and queen. But there were no spices, 
no gold, and no place that seemed to be quite like Cipango. 

At last the Santa Maria met with an accident. She 
struck a sand bar, and it was found impossible to save her. 
The commander of the Pinta had disobeyed orders, and 



FROM THE OLD AVORLD TO THE NEW 



39 



had sailed away with his ship some weeks before. This 
left Columbus with only the little Nina, and he began to 
think it was time to start for home, before anything should 
happen to her. 




Reception of Columbus upon his Return. 

The Nina was not large enough to carry all the sailors, 
so Columbus decided that he must leave some of them 
behind, and start a colony at Hispaniola. A fort was 
built of timbers from the Santa Maria, and forty men 



40 FROM THE OLD AVORLD TO THE XEW 

left in it, with provisions enough to last a year. Then 
Columbus, with the rest of the men, set out for home. 
Before many days he found the Pinta again, and the two 
ships sailed together till a great storm came. After that 
neither saw the other again until they were safe in a 
Spanish harbor. 

It was a great day for Columbus when he stood before 
the king and queen, telling them of the strange sights 
he had seen, and showing the wonderful things he had 
brought home, — curious plants, brilliantly colored birds, 
and even several of the cinnamon-colored men. Prepara- 
tions were begun at once for a second voyage. Columbus 
was happier then than ever afterward, I fear. 

The second voyage took place in 1493. A fleet of 
seventeen vessels, with fifteen hundred men, set out from 
Cadiz to found a colony and continue the work of explo- 
ration. The record of this voyage is much like that of 
the first ; they found many islands, but could not discover 
to what country they belonged, nor could they find very 
much gold. 

The little fort they had built they found deserted, and 
they could only guess from the stories of the natives what 
had happened to the men. More men were left there, and 
a little town was begun. On the return voyage the vessels 
were at sea much longer than they expected, and the pro- 
visions did not last. It was a forlorn company, half 



FROM THE OLD WORLD TO THE NEW 



41 



starved, sick, and disappointed, that landed in Cadiz. 
The troubles of Columbus had begun. 




Departure of Columbcs on his Second Voyage. 

It was hard work to get men together for the third 
voyage. No one had very much faith in the gold for 
which Columbus was still looking, and those who had 
come back from the colony told of nothing but hard 
work.. While the preparations are slowly going forward, 
let us glance for a moment at Portugal, and see what 
progress is being made in the voyages around Africa. 

The success of Columbus made the Portuguese try 
harder than ever to reach India by their route. In 1497 
a fleet commanded by Vasco da Gama set out on the voy- 
age that was to answer the old question, " How shall we 



42 FROM THE OLD WORLD TO THE NEW 

reach the Indies?" In 1499 the Portuguese joyfully 
announced to the world that Da Gama had succeeded in 
getting to India through the Indian Ocean, and had 
returned with a cargo of gold, ivory, spices, and rich 
silks ; Da Gama became a hero in the eyes of the people, 
and the results of Columbus's enterprise looked smaller 
than ever. 

Before all this was known, however, Columbus had 
started on his third voyage. This time he reached the 
mainland of South America, and explored the coast for 
some distance. On his way home he stopped at the 
Hispaniola colony. He found things there in great con- 
fusion. There had been quarrels and rebellion, and 
Columbus found it hard to settle matters. Soon a ship 
arrived, bringing a Spanish officer sent by the queen. 
He seized the authority that belonged to Columbus, and 
plotted against him. Finally, Columbus was sent back to 
Spain in chains. This was the greatest sorrow of his life. 
He was released as soon as the queen heard about it, but 
he could never quite forget his disgrace, and he kept the 
chains as long as he lived. 

One voyage more, and the old admiral's work is done. 
In 1502 he set out again upon the broad Atlantic. Again 
he sailed up and down the coast of America and among 
its islands. Again trouble overtook him. He was ship- 
wrecked, and waited a whole year on the island of Jamaica 



FROM THE OLD WORLD TO THE NEW 43 

for help to come to him. At last ships reached the 
island, and carried him to Hispaniola and then home to 
Spain. 

Of what use, thought the people, had his discoveries 
been? What had he found that was worth finding? 
Beautiful islands, strange birds, curious plants, and copper- 
colored men — but what use were all these ? 

The Portuguese had reached India, and were already 
growing rich from their trade with the countries of the 
East. Why had not Columbus found the Indies, or 
Cipango, or Cathay ? He was only an idle dreamer after 
all, they thought, and had spent the queen's money and 
his own time for nothing. 

And what could Columbus say in answer to all this? 
Nothing, for he did not know how great was the work he 
had done. It must have seemed, even to him, much like 
failure. 

Poor, old, discouraged, forsaken, he lived for two 
years more, then died, and was for a time forgotten. 
It was only in after years, when the great truth became 
known that not Asia, but a new continent, lay to the west 
beyond the " Sea of Darkness," that his name was spoken 
as one of the world's great men, and it was said of him 
that he " gave to Castile and Leon a new world." 



44 FROM THE OLD WORLD TO THE NEW 

THINGS TO REMEMBER 

1. Columbus took possession of the new land for Spain. 

2. He could not tell what land it was. He believed it to be 
part of Asia. 

3. He went home proud and happy. He was received with 
great honor by the king and queen. 

4. His other voyages accomplished little. 

5. He died poor and forsaken. 

THINGS TO READ 

1. From Shaw's " Discoverers and Explorers," pp. 24-43. 

2. '■' Columbus and his Companions," — from Higginson's 
"Young Folks' Series," No. 1. 

3. From Coffin's " Old Times in the Colonies," pp. 14-36. 

4. "Extracts from Columbus's Journal," in Sheldon-Barnes, 
pp. 22-26 and 29-31. 

5. Harper^s Magazine, Vol. 54, p. 1 ; Vol. 85, p. 681. 

6. Cosmopolitan Magazine, Vol. 12, p. 259. 

THINGS TO DO 

1. Find the exact meaning of i)rodaimed, dominion, progress, 
enterprise, rebellion. 

2. Make a map of the world, showing the voyages of Columbus. 

3. Find a picture of the landing of Columbus. 

4. Write the rest of the story of Columbus, using the follow- 
ing topics : — 

I. His return from his first voyage. 

II. His later voyages. 

III. His old age — his death. 

IV. Why we think him a great man. 



VI 



You can easily imagine that, after the story of Colum- 
bus's first voyage was told in Europe, there would be 
many ready to follow in the direction of his discovery, 
and so indeed it was. John Cabot, 
another native of Genoa who 
had come from Venice to live in 
England, applied to the English 
king for permission to make a 
voyage. He started in 1497. For 
fear of interfering with the rights 
of Spain, he was ordered not to 
sail toward the south. He went 
directly west, and so came to 
some part of North America, 
probably Labrador. He thought 
he had found China, and set out 
with his son on a second voyage 
the next year. There is no record of this voyage except 
some maps, one of which was made by Cabot's pilot, 
Cosa. But maps of strange lands and seas, made at this 
time, cannot always be understood by us to-day, so we 
cannot be sm-e where they went or what they found. 

47 




John Cabot. 



48 



FROM THE OLD WORLD TO THE NEW 



Still another Italian, Amerigo Vespucci, or Americus 
Vespucius as he is often called, helped along the great 
work. He was born in Florence, where he lived imtil he 
was about forty years old. He was well educated, and 

much interested in the 
questions of geography 
and navigation. He went 
to Spain about 1490, to 
attend to some business 
affairs there, and was still 
there when Colmnbus re- 
turned from his famous 
voyage. He and Coliun- 
bus became friends, and re- 
mained so all their lives. 
In 1497 we find Vespucius 
Vespucius. liimself upou the ocean, 

acting as pilot on a voyage across the sea to the new- 
found lands. 

This was the first of several voyages, dm-ing one of 
which he exj)lored much of the coast of South America, 
and sailed far down into the cold regions of the Antarctic 
Ocean. This was in 1501. The land he found so far 
south of the Equator puzzled the geographers very much. 
It did not seem as if it could be Asia. It must be a new 
land south of Asia, they thought, and so it was put down 




FROxM THE OLD WORLD TO THE NEW 49 

on the maps as a " New World." Still, no one thought of 
the lands Colimibus had found as anything but parts of 
Asia, and no one dreamed that these lands and the " New 
World " Vespucius had found were parts of one great 
continent. 

Vespucius wrote several letters to his friends after he 
returned home, describing what he had seen. These 
letters were afterward printed, and people read them 
eagerly. Then came a little book about Vespucius, the 
author of which suggested that the " New World " Ves- 
pucius had found south of the Equator and Asia should 
be called America in honor of him. Slowly the name 
came into use, and gradually it came to be used to mean 
all of what we now call South America. 

Then, in 1519, came Magellan's great voyage, which 
showed that Asia was far beyond Cuba and Hispaniola, 
and that these, as well as the land Vespucius had found, 
were " New Worlds." As time went on, people began to 
call all of these new worlds by the name " America." 
Americus Vespucius had no idea that it would some day 
all be known by his name. Like Columbus, he never 
knew how much he had discovered. We must remember 
him for his part in the great work. We must place his 
name on the roll of honored men, whose courage and 
perseverance gave to the Old World its knowledge of 
the New. 



50 



FROM THE OLD AVORLD TO THE NEW 



Are you wondering how Magellan found out that the 
countries west of the Atlantic were not parts of Asia ? 
Let me tell you. In 1513 a man named Balboa had 
sailed to the Isthmus of Panama, and after journeying 
across it, had found, to his astonishment, that there was 
another waste of water as far as he could see. Reports 

of this were heard by Ma- 
gellan, a Portuguese noble- 
man, who had spent much 
of his life uj)on the sea. He 
had been around Africa to 
India, and farther east still 
to the spice islands. He 
began to wonder if he could 
not sail around the " New 
World " of Vespucius, and 
so into the waters Balboa 
had seen. If this could 

Magellan. j^^ doUC, Asia might be 

reached, after all, by the western route. He could then, 
he thought, come home around the Cape of Good Hope. 

This, if he could do it, would make a voyage around 
the world, and his plan was carried out, though not with- 
out terrible suffering and the loss of the brave Magellan 
himself. Sailing down around the southern point of 
South America, by rocky coasts and through icy seas, he 





Balboa's First Sight of the Pacific. 



FROM THE OLD WORLD TO THE NEW 



53 



found the strait that bears his name, and sailed on into 
the Pacific. More tlian three months they sailed on this 
great ocean before they came to the Philippine Islands. 




View in the Strait of Magellan, 

It was on one of these islands that Magellan was killed. 
Those of his crew who were left, after many had died 
from sickness and suffering, and many more had been 
killed by the cruel natives, finally reached Spain. This 
was the greatest voyage of them all. It was Magellan 
who proved that the earth is round ; who first crossed the 
greatest of the oceans ; who found Asia by sailing west ; 
who, best of all, showed Europe that America is not a 
portion of Asia, but a continent by itself. 



54 FROM THE OLD WORLD TO THE NEW 



THINGS TO REMEMBER 

1. John Cabot sailed from England in 1497. He sailed 
directly west and so found North America. 

2. Americus Vespucius explored the coast of South America 
and sailed far down into the Antarctic Ocean. 

3. After many years the New World came to be called 
America in honor of Americus Vespucius. 

4. Magellan discovered the Strait of Magellan, and one of his 
ships sailed around the world. 

THINGS TO READ 

1. About John Cabot : — 

From Higginson's " Young Folks' Series," No. 2. 
Sc7'ib7ier's Magazine, Vol. 22, p. G2. 
Weiv England Magazine, Vol. 17, p. 653. 

2. About Americus Vespucius : — 

From " America's Godfather," by Virginia Johnson. 

3. About Balboa : — 

From Shaw's "Discoverers and Explorers," pp. 56-61. 

4. About Magellan : — 

From Shaw's "Discoverers and Explorers," pp. 62-67. 
Harper's Magazine, Vol. 81, p. 357. 

THINGS TO DO 

1. Find the exact meaning of navigation, pilot, gradually. 

2. Show the voyages of Cabot, Magellan, and Vespucius, on 
a map. 



FROM THE OLD WORLD TO THE NEW 55 

3. Write about Magellan, using the following topics : — 

I. Who he was — what he wished to do. 
II. His voyage — the hardships he and his men had 
to bear. 

III. What became of Magellan — what became of his 

ships. 

IV. Why this voyage was important. 

4. Write about the naming of America, using the following 
topics : — 

I. Who Americus was — how he became interested in 
the New World. 
II. His voyages. 

III. How the name of America first came into use. 

IV. Do you think the New World ought to have been 

named for Columbus ? 



VII 



Before we go on to find out what use Europe made 
of this new land she had found, let us see what kind of a 
land it was, and what the people who lived there were 
like. To get an idea of America when it was first seen 
by Europeans, you must forget, or put out of your mind, 
many of the things you know about it as it is now. No 
cities, no railroads, no ships in the silent harbors, no 
great bridges, no roads, no horses nor cows, not even a 
dog to bark at you or a cat to purr about your feet, 
would you have seen, had you come to this land of ours 
when those early voyagers came. 

Great forests, silent rivers, glistening beaches, lonely 
rocky shores would have met you everywhere. Perhaps 
you might have seen strange dusky forms gliding among 
the trees, or a bark canoe shooting from behind some 
bend in the swiftly flowing stream. Perhaps these silent 
people would have gathered to look at you — the strange 
palefaces — as they gathered to look at Columbus and 
his men. Perhaps you might even have seen their curi- 
ous dwellings. Perhaps some dark night you might have 
heard strange noises, and, creeping through the sheltering 

56 




Longitude YTest from Greenwich 



BORMAY k CO., 



FROM THE OLD WORLD TO THE NEW 



59 



woods, might have looked upon the painted warriors cir- 
cling about the campfire, shouting and screaming, until 
you stole away again, and, while the hoarse voices still 
rang in your ears, wished yourself back in old Europe, 
where such things could not be seen or heard. 




Indian War Dance. 



The Indian is a strange being. He paints his body, 
decks his head with feathers, and struts about as proud 
as any peacock. He is like a child in his delight over 
a handful of colored beads or a strip of red cloth. 

In his home he lies stretched upon the ground, smok- 
ing lazily, while his wife plants the corn, grinds the meal, 
makes the fires, cooks the food — in fact, does all the 
work that is done. 



60 



FROM THE OLD WORLD TO THE NEW 



In the forest he follows a trail that to you seems invis- 
ible ; he hunts, with an eye so keen and a hand so skilled 
that seldom does an arrow miss its mark ; he writes on 




Indian Picture Writing. 

the bark of a tree a message for his friend, in a strange 
language of picture and sign ; or he waits in the shadow 
of the tree trunks for his enemy, with a patience that 
knows no bounds. 

At the council fire he sits silent, smoking his long 
pipe, listening to the words of his chief, or speaking him- 
self words of solemn counsel. In war, hideous with paint 
and feathers, he steals through the shadows of the forest 
to strike down his foe, burning, killing, torturing, scalp- 



FROM THE OLD WORLD TO THE NEW 



61 



ing. He knows how to hide hhnself away among the 
trees, so that, though the woods seem as empty as they 
are quiet and lonely, the traveller may enter them only 
to find an Indian behind every tree, and his deadly 
arrows twanging by on every side. If he is taken pris- 
oner, he calmly accepts his fate, proud that no one can 
see any fear or any sorrow in his face. 

Just when these people began to live in America and 
where they came from you must not ask, for I cannot 
tell you ; but they had 
probably been here 
twenty thousand years 
or more when the white 
men came. Learned 
men have tried very 
hard to discover where 
their ancient home 
may have been. 
Some of these 
men think that 
perhaps they %K.:'d^^ 
came from Asia, ~ ""^ and they ask us to 

notice how shallow Behring Sea is; adding, that if, as 
it seems, this was once land instead of water, the Indians 
might easily have crossed to America. Others think 
that perhaps they came from Europe, and they tell us 




An Indiax WiCrWAM. 



62 



FROM THE OLD WORLD TO THE NEW 



strange stories about a great ridge in the Atlantic 
Ocean, which was probably once above the level of the 
sea, and connected Europe and America. 

However the red men may have come, here they were, 
and here the white men found them. There were many 




Humes of Cliff-dwelleks. 



tribes, differing in language, in customs, in dress. Some 
lived in wigwams or tents of skin, and some in strange 
clay dwellings high on a rocky cliff. There were man}^ 
tribes, but all of one race, and in many ways alike. The 
story of the lives the white men lived among them is a 
long one, and we must wait to begin it another day. 



FROM THE OLD WORLD TO THE NEW 63 

THINGS TO EEMEMBER 

1. The land of America was once a great wilderness. Only 
red people lived here. 

2. These red people were savage, and some of them were fierce 
and warlike. 

3. Where they came from we do not know. 

4. Their way of living was strange and interesting. 

THINGS TO READ 

1. Manners and customs of the Indians, "Old South Leaflets." 

2. Drake's "Indian History." 

3. Drake's " Making of New England," pp. 142-148 and 184-186. 

4. Drake's " Making of the Great West," pp. 20-28 and 45-52. 

5. Harpefs Magazine, Vol. Q5, p. 342; Vol. 17, p. 448; Vol. 
57, p. 775. 

6. "Wigwam Stories," by Mary Catherine Judd. 

7. "American Indians," by Frederick Starr. 

8. Parts of "Hiawatha." 

THINGS TO DO 

1. Find the exact meaning of dusky, invisible, ancient, customs. 

2. Find pictures of Indians and their homes. 

3. Draw pictures of Indian wigwams and Indian canoes. 

4. Make a map showing where the principal tribes of Indians 
lived. 

5. Make a list of places in America that have Indian names. 
Find out the meaning of as many as you can. 

6. Try to think why the Indians of South America and the 
West Indies were less warlike than those of North America. 

7. Write a description of an Indian warrior. 



VIII 



Spain had led in the discovery of the New World, and 
for a time it seemed as if she would lead also in building 
colonies there. At this time Spain was the strongest 
nation in Em-ope, especially on the sea. Early in the days 
of discovery the Spanish king and queen had applied to 
the Pope for the right to possess whatever lands then- 
voyagers might find, and to convert the natives to a belief 
in the Church. The Portuguese king had asked for the 
same right. The Pope settled the matter, or thought he 
had settled it, by saying that whatever land might be 
found west of a line drawn from north to south through 
the Atlantic three hundred and seventy leagues west of 
the Cape Verde Islands should belong to Spain. East of 
that line Portugal might claim whatever land was found. 

This gave Spain a right to almost all the land in the 
New "World, and she soon set out to make the new coun- 
tries really her own. Colonies were planted on the 
islands of the West Indies, and governors appointed. 
Exploring expeditions were sent out, and wonderful 
stories were told in Spain of the riches of the new posses- 
sions. The kingdoms of Mexico and Peru were found 

04 




llO'Linzitude We9t l6ll° from Greenwich 90 



30 B 



BOHMAY it CO.jNO 



FROM THE OLD WORLD TO THE NEW 67 

and conquered. These were inhabited by the most civil- 
ized of all the people of America, and here at last the 
Spaniards fomid the gold and silver they had so long been 
seeking. Ships laden with treasm-e went home to Spain ; 
every one was eager to seek a fortune in the New World. 

Most of the explorers turned to the south, where the 
gold and other treasures were said to be found. For some 
years no one paid much attention to the lands north of 
the West Indies. In 1513, however, a man named Ponce 
de Leon asked permission of the king to sail in search of ' 

an island somewhere north of Hispaniola. There, he told \ ^} ^ 
the king, was to be found a fountain whose waters would 
bring back youth even to aged men. 

So Ponce de Leon sailed away in search of the fountain 
of youth. Of course he did not find it, but he did find 
something else. This was the peninsula of Florida. He 
described it as a land covered with flowers, and said he 
named it Florida because he first saw it on Easter Sunday, 
which is called Pascua Florida in Spanish. A few years • 
later he attempted to found a colony there. The Indians 
were very fierce, and after Ponce de Leon had been killed 
the colony was given up. 

There were two more unsuccessful attempts to colonize 
Florida. Hernando de Soto was the leader in the second 
of these attempts. We remember him, although his 
expedition was a failure, because he discovered the Mis- 



68 FROM THE OLD WORLD TO THE NEW 

sissipj^i. Across the country from Florida he and his men 
had come, having fearful battles with the Indians, and 
seeing none of the treasure they had expected to find. 
They crossed the great river, and tm-ning north, travelled 
along its bank for many miles. Overcome with dis- 
appointment, De Soto became sick and died. His body 
was laid to rest in the waters of the river. His men built 
a few rough boats, and sailed down the stream, finally 
reaching a Spanish colony in Mexico. 

Spain had tried three times to settle Florida ; each 
time she had failed, but still she claimed it. The name 
Florida was aj^plied to all the unknown country of which 
the 23eninsula was a part, and Spain laid claim to the 
whole. When the king of Spain heard, in 1564, that the 
French were trying to plant a colony there, he was very 
angry, and determined to destroy it. Ships were sent, 
and by the cruel hand of Menendez, then' commander, 
ahnost every person in the little French settlement was 
killed. Then, not far away, Menendez set up a colony of 
his own, which he named St. Augustine. This was the 
first Spanish settlement in North America that lived. 
St. Augustine is the oldest town in the United States. 

Thus you see that Spain had not a very strong hold 
upon North America, in spite of her claim. In South 
America she grew powerful. The power that she once 
had there is shown by the fact that, though Spain no 



FROM THE OLD AVORLD TO THE NEW 



71 



longer owns any of the New World, the Spanish language 
may be heard from Mexico to the southernmost point of 
South America. 




The Spanish Gatk, St. Augustine. 



THINGS TO REMEMBER 

1. Soon after the time of Columbus Spanish colonies were 
planted in the West Indies. 

2. Spanish adventurers set out to explore the new land, and 
wonderful stories were told of what they found. 

3. Mexico and Peru were conquered, and gold and silver found 
in these countries. 

4. Spain became rich from the treasures she obtained from them. 

5. Ponce de Leon found Florida. 

6. De Soto found the Mississippi. 

7. Menendez destroyed a French settlement in Florida, and 
founded St. Augustine in 1565. 



72 FROM THE OLD WORLD TO THE NEW 

THINGS TO KEAD 

1. About the conquest of Mexico: — 

From Shaw's "Discoverers and ExiDlorers," pp. 68-77. 
Eggleston's "Montezuma." 

2. About the conquest of Peru : — 

Erom " Discoverers and Explorers," pp. 78-83. 

3. About De Soto : — 

From Higginson's "Young Folks' Series," No. 3. 
"De Soto in the Land of Florida," by Grace King. 
"Discoverers and Explorers," pp. 84-91. 

4. About Spanish explorers in general : — 

From " The Spanish Pioneers," by Charles Lummis. 
Drake's "Making of the Great West," pp. 1-20, 28-44, 

55-64. 
Harper^s Magazine, Vol. 65, p. 729. 

THINGS TO DO 

1. Find the exact meaning of Pope, leagues, civilized. 

2. Show De Soto's journey on a map. 

3. Make a list of Spanish discoverers and explorers. Use the 
form given below. 



Date. 


Explorer. 


Regions Visited. 


Settlements Made. 











4. Find out all you can about St. Augustine. 

5. AVrite about St. Augustine, using the following topics : — 

I. When and by whom the city was founded. 
II. The city now — traces of the Spaniards. 




Map Showing 
FRENCH EXPLORATIONS 

SCALE OF MILES 



110° l-oegHude Weit IQO' from GMen»ich 60 



OORMAY U CO., N..Y. 



IX 



Veky soon after the voyages of Columbus we begin to 
hear of fishermen who came across the Atlantic to the 
great fishing banks of Newfoundland. As early as 1504 
we know that they came, and from this time on their 
numbers steadily increase. There were not many Spanish 
vessels among them ; the Spaniards would rather sail to 
the south for gold than to the north for codfish. The 
French and Portuguese did most of the fishing, and soon 
built up a profitable business. 

The king of France is said to have sent word to the 
king of Spain, asking him by what right he and the king 
of Portugal had undertaken to divide the world between 
them. Had Father Adam given the whole world to them ? 
If that was true, he would like to see a copy of Father 
Adam's will. But the king of Spain had no will to show, 
except the decision of the Pope, and we shall soon see 
that neither France nor England paid much attention to 
that. 

In 1524 a sailor named Verrazano explored in a French 
ship the coast of North America from North Carolina to 
New England, and ten years later Jacques Cartier began 

75 



76 FROM THE OLD WOULD TO THE NEW 

his voyages up the St. Lawrence. He sailed up the river, 
and feeling sure that it was a strait to the Pacific, thought 
he had found a northwestern route to China. He turned 
back when winter approached, without finding his mistake. 
The next year he came again, and went farther up the river, 
past the cliff upon which the quaint old city of Quebec 
now stands. There were then only a few wigwams to be 
seen on the great rock, and Cartier sailed on to find a 
village which the Indians told him was the greatest of 
their nation. 

He found it on an island, nestled at the foot of a lofty 
hill which he named Mount Royal. To-day a beautiful 
city occupies the place of the Indian village of long ago. 
Now noisy little steamers rush through the waters dis- 
turbed then only by the silent paddle of the Indian canoe. 
The forests Avhere the hunter drew his bow are gone. 
Where the slender silver thread from the Indian camp- 
fire pushed its way upward through the trees, the smoke 
of a great city now hangs. Mount Royal has become 
Montreal. 

Backward once more, down the river to a place where 
he had left two of his ships with their crews, sailed Cartier. 
Winter was approaching. They drew up the vessels in 
front of a little fort the men had built on the shore, and 
settled down to wait for spring. Ice and snow and biting 
winds came, bringing sickness and suffering with them. 



FROM THE OLD WORLD TO THE NEW 77 

Many of the sailors died, and when spring came the rest 
were glad to go back to France. 

A few years later an attempt was made to establish a 
colony on the St. Lawrence, but it was a failure. The 
beautiful river was deserted, and for many years no ves- 
sels sailed to Canada except those of the fishermen. War 
and confusion reigned in France. A new religion was 
springing up, and the lovers of the Church were fighting 
bitterly to crush it. New France was forgotten. 

This new religion that was making trouble in France 
was part of a great religious movement that brought 
trouble to all Europe. People in Germany, in France, 
and in England were beginning to object to some of the 
customs of the Catholic Church. It would seem strange 
to us to be obliged to go to a church in which we did not 
believe, but that is what often happened in Europe at this 
time. The kings tried to force the people to say that they 
did believe in everything the Church did, but it was no 
use. More and more people broke away from the old 
faith. They were called Protestants, and were often 
treated very badly by the rulers. 

In France it became so dangerous for the Protestants 
that some of them wished to go away to make new homes. 
Of course they thought of America, and in 1555 two ship- 
loads were landed on a little island on the coast of Brazil. 
The colony was a failure, as every attempt of France had 



78 



FROM THE OLD WORLD TO THE NEW 



been before this time ; it was half a century more before 
the French did anything but fail in colonizing the New 
World. 

Things in France were growing worse all the time. 
The Huguenots, as the French Protestants were called, 
were suffering more and more, but in spite of this they 













-'Ss.^;^^^ 




I, (L- 



T'Tj^'^^,.- 




Fort Cakoline. 

seemed to increase in numbers. Another attempt was 
made to start a Huguenot colony. This time the coast of 
Florida was selected. 

Another failure ! Poverty, sickness, rebellion, an at- 
tempt to reach home in a poor old ship not fit for such 
a voyage, shipwreck, and finally capture by an English 
vessel will tell the whole story of Port Royal. Not dis- 



FROM THE OLD WORLD TO THE NEW 79 

couraged yet ? No, still another trial was made, just two 
years after the first expedition had set out. Again a little 
fort was built on the Florida shore. Again the colonists 
hopefully began their new life. The old story was to be 
told once more, — discontent, and then rebellion ; hunger, 
and finally starvation. Just as they were about to give 
up help came. A fleet of French ships sailed into the 
harbor. Sorrow fled. Their troubles were at an end. 

Four days after the arrival of the French ships another 
fleet appeared in the harbor. Grim and black floated the 
ships in the twilight, while fluttering from the mastheads 
could be seen the hated banner of Spain. It was the fleet 
of Menendez, coming to destroy the little colony. Only 
a few weeks, and it was all over. The troubles of the 
poor Huguenot colonists were indeed at an end. This 
was the last attempt of the French to colonize Florida. 

Through all of the sad failures of which we have 
been reading, the fishermen went steadily on with their 
voyages to the north. After a time a new industry grew 
up. Furs could easily be obtained from the Indians, who 
would exchange valuable skins for a knife or a few beads. 
Fur trading became an important business, and interest 
in New France grew once more. At last, under the 
leadership of Champlain, who was one of the greatest 
men of his time, a colony was formed at Quebec, in 
1608, which did not fail. And from this time on it 



80 



FROM THE OLD WORLD TO THE NEW 



is the French who explore most of the unknown land of 
North America. Deep into the wilderness they travel, 
up and down the great valleys, finding the Great Lakes, 
sailing down the Mississippi, and everywhere claiming 
what they find for France. Spain no longer owns all 
of the New World. Face to face with her 
stands France, holding aloft the banner of the 



r2^i£LJS::StSi5s ^....fe^^ 





Quebec in Early Times. 

lilies, which is to wave over the valleys and the mountains, 
the broad plains, and the blue waters of New France. 

The story of the French in Canada is the story of a 
few brave men, — of Champlain, La Salle, Marquette, and 
of their faithful followers; of the black-robed priests, 
who toiled to convert the Indians and to explore the 
land. It is a story of wild adventure, and often of 
bitter disappointment. 



FROM THE OLD WORLD TO THE NEW 



81 



Champlain hoped at first that he might find the pas- 
sage to the western ocean which Cartier had tried to 
find. He questioned the Indians eagerly, and they told 
him many stories of the " great water '! to the west 
of the St. Lawrence. 
These stories, confused 
as they were, encour- 
aged Champlain to ex- 
plore the country. He 
made friends with the 
neighboring Indians, 
who agreed to help him. 
He in return promised 
to aid them in their 
struggle against their 
ancient enemies, the 
Iroquois. 

It was while leading a " war party " against the Iroquois 
that Champlain first saw the lake that bears his name. 
This was the next year after Quebec was settled. In 
1615 Lake Huron was found. It was first seen by a 
priest, who was on his way to establish a mission among 
the Indians, and ten days later by Champlain himself. A 
few weeks after this Champlain first saw Lake Ontario. 

These great "fresh water seas" filled the explorers 
with wonder. But the Indians still talked of more " great 




ChaJI PLAIN. 



82 



FROM THE OLD WORLD TO THE NEW 



waters," and sometimes of the '' Father of waters." There 
must be more wonders beyond. 

The French adventurers were becoming used to the 
wild hfe now, and made many journeys through the great 
forests, making friends with the Indians, buying fm-s, and 
living lives as free and sometimes 
almost as savage as those of the red 
men themselves. In their canoes they 
explored the rivers and the smaller 
lakes, and sometimes made greater 
discoveries. In 1634 Lake Michigan 
was found by one of these woods- 
rangers, in 1659 Lake Superior by 
two more, and ten years later Lake 
Erie by still another. The wonderful 
chain of Great Lakes was complete. 

And through all these years the 
priests had been as busy as the woods- 
men. Many of them had gone into 
the forests to live among the Indians, and to show them 
a better way of life. " Blackgown," as the Indians some- 
times called a priest, was usually welcome in the Indian 
village, and often the Indians would help him build a 
little chapel of bark. 

Farther and farther into the forests went the priests, 
as they heard of new tribes to whom they might preach 




Canadian Fur Trader. 



FROM THE OLD WORLD TO THE NEW 



83 



their religion. In their journeys they learned much 
about the country, and so helped along the work of ex- 
ploration. One of the best known of these missionary 
priests is Father Marquette. His short life here in 
America was full of sorrow, and full of courage and 
devotion. Together with Joliet, the 
woodsman who had found Lake Erie, 
Marquette set out to find the great 
river — the "Father of waters" that 
the Indians talked of. To these two, 
the trader and the missionary, be- 
longs the honor of exploring the 
Mississippi. In their canoes they fol- 
lowed the great river for hundreds 
of miles, stopping finally near the 
mouth of the Arkansas, at almost the 
very place where De Soto had died, 
more than a hundred years before. 
Then they turned back to carry the 
news of their discoveries to Canada. 

Only a few years before this Robert La Salle had come 
from France to Canada, determined to explore thoroughly 
the great waterways of New France. It was he who 
reached the mouth of the Mississippi, and who took pos- 
session of the whole river valley for France. He named 
it Louisiana in honor of King Louis. 




A French Missionary. 



This was in 1673. 



84 FROM THE OLD WORLD TO THE NEW 

The adventures of La Salle would make an exciting 
story. Once he walked from the Illinois River to Mon- 
treal, and once he went all the way to France to obtain 
help in establishing a colony at the mouth of the Mis- 
sissippi. 

His plan was to make a line of forts all the way from 
Canada to his settlement in Louisiana. But misfortunes 
overtook him. The vessels bringing the settlers for the 
new colony were wrecked on the coast of Texas. After 
waiting a long time for help, La Salle, wlio was with the 
party, started out to walk to Canada once more. But he 
was killed by one of the men who, with himself, had es- 
caped from the wreck. 

It is in stories like this that we may see the courage 
and perseverance of the men who made New France. 
By the year 1700 there were probably about ten thou- 
sand French settlers in Canada and Louisiana. France 
had left Spain far behind in making North American 
colonies ; but, while she was doing so, she herself had 
been left behind by the country whose colonies we shall 
study next, — by England, who began her work of colo- 
nizing later than either France or Spain, but whose 
colonies came at last to be the most important on the 
new continent. 



FROM THE OLD WORLD TO THE NEW 85 



THINGS TO KEMEMBER 

1. Soon after America was discovered French fishermen began 
to come to Newfoundland to catch fish. 

2. In 1524 Verrazano explored the eastern coast of North 
America for France. 

3. In 1534 Cartier explored the St. Lawrence. 

4. Huguenots from France tried to make a colony in North 
America. A settlement made by them in Florida was destroyed 
by the Spanish. 

5. Trading in furs was begun on the St. Lawrence. 

6. Champlain founded Quebec in 1608. 

7. The French explored much of the country. 

8. La Salle explored the Mississippi Valley and claimed it for 
France, naming it Louisiana. 



THINGS TO READ 

1. About Verrazano : — 

''Old South Leaflets," No. 17. 

Shaw's " Discoverers and Explorers," pp. 102-107. 

2. About Cartier: — 

Higginson's ''Young Folks' Series," No. 3. 

Baldwin's "Discovery of the Old Northwest," pp. 11-21. 

3. About the Huguenots : — 

Higginson's "Young Folks' Series," No. 4. 

4. About Champlain : — 

Drake's " Making of New England," pp. 40-46. 
" Historical Classic Readings," Nos. 5 and 6. 
Higginson's "Young Folks' Series," No. 6. 



86 FROM THE OLD WORLD TO THE NEW 

Baldwin's " Discovery of the Old Northwest," pp. 22-95. 
Extracts from " Champlain's Voyages," in Sheldon-Barnes, 
pp. 62-64. 

5. About the priests : — 

Baldwin's " Discovery of the Old Northwest," pp. 96-108, 

141-180. 
"Heroes of the Middle West," by M. H. Catherwood, 

pp. 1-43. 

6. About La Salle : — 

" Heroes of the Middle West," pp. 44-101. 

" Discovery of the Old Northwest," pp. 131-140, 181-236. 

"The Story of Tonty," by M. H. Catherwood. 

THINGS TO DO 

1. Find the exact meaning of industry, wilderness, convert, per- 
severance. 

2. Make a list of French explorers, using the form given 
below : — 



Date. 


Explorer. 


Regions Visited. 


Settlements Made. 











3. Make a map showing the claims of France in Canada and 
Louisiana. 

4. Write about Quebec, using the following topics: — 

I. "When and by whom settled. 
II. Location. 

III. By whom first owned — who owns it now. 

IV. Any traces of the time when the French owned it. 



FROM THE OLD WORLD TO THE NEW 87 

5. Write about French explorers, using the following topics : — 
I. The St. Lawrence — where — its beauty — who first 

explored it — what he saw. 
II. Champlain — what he discovered. 
III. La Salle — what he did. 



X 



While Spain was finding gold mines in the mountains 
of Soutli America, and sending home ships laden with 
treasure, which made her more than ever the richest 
of European nations, and while France was exploring and 
claiming the fertile valleys of the St. Lawrence and the 
Mississippi, what was England doing ? 

She had, to be sure, sent out Cabot and his son at the 
very beginning, but they brought home little in return 
for the expense of their two voyages ; so no one followed 
where they led the way. The English showed very little 
interest in America for nearly a century. 

It is doubtful whether, even then, they would have 
thought much about it, if it had not been that in Amer- 
ica they saw a way to disturb and injure their enemies, 
the Spaniards. From the time Elizabeth became queen 
of England, in 1558, we find a growing hatred between 
Englishmen and Spaniards. One of the reasons for this 
was that in England the Protestant religion had become 
the state religion. This seemed to King Philip of Spain a 
dreadful thing, since he was one of the strongest of be- 
lievers in the Pope and the Catholic Church. 



FROM THE OLD WORLD TO THE NEW 89 

Year by year we see this bitter feeling increasing. 
The Spaniards called the English heretics, and the Eng- 
lish found many disagreeable names by which to call 
the Spaniards. Let us see, if we can, how this feeling 
helped to bring the English to America. 

English sailors had entered early upon the slave trade 
started by the Portuguese, and, under the leadership of 
Sir John Hawkins, trade in slaves became a common 
and profitable business. In 1562 Captain Hawkins 
started upon a voyage to get a cargo of negroes from 
their African homes, and carry them to the West Indies. 
He found the Spanish planters very glad to buy the 
negroes for slaves, and he soon sailed home with his ships 
laden with the rich products of the islands. 

On a later voyage Hawkins met a Spanish fleet, whose 
captains treacherously attacked him after they had agreed 
not to fire upon his ships. Three of his vessels and many 
of his men were lost. You can guess how angry the 
English were when the story was told at home. 

After this English sailors would seize a Spanish ship 
wherever they could find one. The English government 
decided to help the Dutch in Holland, who were trying 
to gain their independence from Spain. Many Spanish 
treasure ships were captured by Hawkins, Francis Drake, 
and other bold seamen. 

It was Drake who devised the plan of sailing around 



90 FROM THE OLD WORLD TO THE NEW 

Cape Horn into the Pacific to attack the rich Spanish 
colonies on the western coast of South America. He 
would dart suddenly into a quiet harbor, when the Span- 
iards had no idea there was an Englishman within two 
or three thousand miles, seize the valuable cargoes of the 
ships preparing to sail, and be out again and o:ff to sea 
before the Spaniards had time to recover from their sur- 
prise. Finally he sailed across the Pacific, around the 
Cape of Good Hope, and back to England. 

War was declared between Spain and England in 1585, 
and then the Spanish king determined to punish these 
daring men who were cutting off the supplies from his 
rich colonies over the ocean, and to show them that Spain 
was still mistress of the seas. So he set to work to get 
together a great fleet. 

Meanwhile the first band of English colonists had- set 
out to cross to America, but after a fierce fight with the 
Spaniards they were obliged to return home. Their 
leader. Sir Humphrey Gilbert, did not wish to give up 
his plan, so again, in 1583, he started for Newfoundland. 
But this time storms attacked them, and Gilbert himself 
was among the lost. 

His half-brother, Sir Walter Raleigh, who was a great 
favorite with the queen, obtained her permission to go 
on with his brother's work. He thought that building 
a colony was too great a work for one person to attempt. 



FROM THE OLD WORLD TO THE NEW 



91 



and that it ought to be done by the government. So he 
tried to interest Queen EUzabeth in the land across the 
sea. 

There were many reasons why Raleigh thought a 
colony in America would be a good thing for England ; 
and he asked a friend to write out some of these reasons 
for the queen. They were 
very good reasons too. 

England was growing 
to have a great many 
people, he said, and since 
it was so small an island, 
the time would come when 
not enough grain and 
other food could be raised 
to supply them all. This 
was especially true since 
so many English farms 
had been made into pas- Sir Walter raleigh. 

tures for sheep. If England had a colony in America, 
there would be plenty of room in that broad country to 
raise enough and to spare. 

It would be a good place to send the poor people who 
could not find work in England. In a new country there 
would be enough work for all who came. Then, too, 
think what a fine market such a colony would make for 




92 FROM THE OLD WORLD TO THE NEW 

Englisli goods. It would increase trade and help Eng- 
land to grow richer. 

It would also be a good stopping-place for the ships 
that were sailing to find a northwest passage to Asia. 
And it would be a great help in weakening the power of 
Spain. 

Queen Elizabeth quite agreed that all these things 
were true, but she was not at all inclined to spend the 
nation's money for such an enterprise, so Raleigh had to 
go on without her aid. He chose the part of the country 
we now call North Carolina, and in 1585 he sent out a 
band of one hundred persons, who made a settlement on 
Roanoke Island. At the end of a year they were suffer- 
ing from lack of food, and when Sir Francis Drake, with 
a fleet of twenty-three vessels, appeared, they were glad 
enough to accept his offer to take them home. 

The next year Raleigh tried it again, and tlie island of 
Roanoke was once more occupied by busy settlers. Soon 
after this second settlement was made a little girl was 
born, the first English child to begin its little life in 
America. She was the granddaughter of the governor 
of the colony, and her name was Virginia Dare. She 
was named for the new country in which she was born. 
Raleigh had called that Virginia in honor of Queen 
Elizabeth, who was often called the " Virgin Queen." 

Just how much of the country the name Virginia was 



FROM THE OLD WORLD TO THE NEW 



93 



meant to cover even the people who named it did not 
really know. They said that it extended from New 
France on the north to Florida on the south, and as far 
west as the Pacific Ocean. It was thought that the whole 
continent was as narrow as Mexico had been found to be. 




Scene on Roanoke Island. 

But we must go back to the baby Virginia and the 
colony at Roanoke. Very soon after the baby girl came 
her grandfather had to take the ship, and return to Eng- 
land for supplies. He found England in a state of great 
excitement. King Philip was still busy fitting out his 
great fleet, and in England every ship that could be 



94 FROM THE OLD WORLD TO THE NEW 

found was borrowed by the government to give King 
Philip a rousing welcome when he came. 

Raleigh tried to send out the supplies for which Gov- 
ernor White had come, but for a long time he could not 
get a ship. When at last he did get one, it was driven 
back to port by Spanish cruisers. Then came the time 
when the Spanish fleet, the " Invincible Armada " as 
the Spaniards called it, started for England. Every 
English sailor and every English ship could be found in 
the English Channel awaiting the foe, while farmers and 
laborers left their work and met together to fight for their 
country. 

Up the channel came the huge black ships of Spain. 
One hundred and thirty ships, three thousand cannon, 
and thirty thousand men had the Spanish king sent to 
fight against his enemy. The English had about as 
many vessels as the Spaniards, but they were smaller 
and had fewer guns. They were easier to manage, how- 
ever, than the Spanish ships. Then there were the " sea 
kings." King Philip did not have men like Drake and 
Hawkins, or any of the bold company that had ranged 
the seas and struck terror to the hearts of Spanish sea- 
men. 

It was a great battle. When it was over, it seemed at 
first impossible to believe that Spain, the mistress of the 
seas, had been beaten. But it was true ! Away up 



FROM THE OLD WORLD TO THE NEW 



95 




Meeting of English Ships with the Spanish Armada 

through the North Sea the Englishmen drove the 
Spanish ships, and many of them were lost on the 
stormy voyage around Scotland and back to Spain. 

The year 1588 was a great one for England, for then 
she broke the power of her rival on the sea. In the next 
three years she followed up this victory by others. More 
than eight hundred Spanish ships were destroyed. Noth- 
ing could now keep the English from sailing when and 
where they pleased. 

But the little colony ! What had become of the settlers 
at Roanoke in all this time ? That no one can tell you. 
It was four years from the time when Governor White 
left them before he could get to them again. Even then 
he had to go as a passenger on a ship bound for the West 
Indies, and sail hundreds of miles out of his way. 



96 



FROM THE OLD WORLD TO THE NEW 



At last he reached the island. How impatient he must 
have been to see his loved ones! And how his heart must 
have been filled with sorrow when not a trace of the 



<d- J:r^ 




Return of Governor White to Deserted Roanoke Island. 

settlers could be seen. The place was deserted. Noth- 
ing but a few of his own books and pictures, torn and 
scattered, could the governor find. 



FROM THE OLD WORLD TO THE NEW 97 

On a tree near by the word " Croatan " was carved. This 
was the name of an Indian village not far away, and it 
reminded the governor of an agreement that the colonists 
had made before he left them. If for any reason they 
should decide to leave this spot, they would cut the 
name of the place to which they were going, upon a tree. 
If they were in any trouble, a cross would be placed be- 
low the name. 

Was the cross there ? The governor looked anxiously. 
No, he could not find it. Then they must be safe at 
Croatan, he thought. But the captain of the ship in 
which the governor had come said he could delay no 
longer, and the poor governor had to go back to England. 
It was afterward found that there were no white men at 
Croatan, and the natives said that the colonists had never 
been there. Neither the governor nor Raleigh, nor any 
one since their day, has ever known what became of 
"Raleigh's lost colony" at Roanoke. 

THINGS TO EEMEMBEE, 

1. The English became interested in America later than the 
other nations of Europe. 

2. The English and Spanish hated each other. 

3. Sir John Hawkins began the slave trade by seizing negroes 
from their homes in Africa and selling them to the planters in 
the West Indies. 

4. The Spaniards used to fire upon English vessels. 



98 FROM THE OLD WORLD TO THE NEW 

5. After this Hawkins, Francis Drake, and others sailed about 
seizing Spanish ships. 

6. Sir Humphrey Gilbert tried twice to found a colony, but 
failed. 

7. Sir Walter Kaleigh tried twice also, and also failed. The 
second of his colonies was left without supplies for nearly four 
years because England had seized all English ships to fight 
against the Spanish Armada. When the supplies did reach the 
colony, there was no one left there. This is called the " lost 
colony." 

THINGS TO READ 

1. Hale's " Stories of Discovery," pp. 86-107. 

2. Towle's " Heroes," volume on Raleigh. 

3. Higginson's "Young Folks' Series," No. 5. 

4. "Raleigh and the Potato," Wide Awake, Vol. 28, p. 313. 

THINGS TO DO 

1. Make a list of the reasons why Raleigh thought a colony 
in America would be a good thing for England. 

2. Find Roanoke Island on a map in your geography. 

3. Find all you can about the two plants brought from 
America by Raleigh's colonists. Were they good things to 
discover ? 

4. Write about Sir Walter Raleigh, using the following 
topics : — 

I. How he came to be a favorite with the queen. 
II. How he became interested in America. 
III. His life after his failures in America. 



L.ofC. 



XI 



Nearly a million dollars spent, and nothing but two 
failures to show for it. This was Raleigh's story, and we 
are not surprised that he hesitated to try again. Many 
adventures occupied him, and before he again found time 
to give to his plans for Virginia, his friend, Queen Eliza- 
beth, was dead, and a king, James I, had come to take 
her place. 

Poor Raleigh in some way offended King James or his 
ministers. He was shut up in prison, and his rights in 
Virginia were taken away by the king. By this time 
many people had become interested in Virginia, and we 
hear of several voyages during the next few years to 
explore its coast. Times were changing, and the old 
days of searching for gold and treasure were almost over. 
The sixteenth century had been an age of discovery, an 
exploring age. Much had been found that was new 
and wonderful, and the countries of Europe had hastened 
to claim as much as they could of the new world. It 
had been shown however, that the new continent had 
few gold mines, and no great cities with whose people 
the merchants of Europe could build up trade ; and the 

101 



102 FROM THE OLD WORLD TO THE NEW 

people of Europe began to see that their new territory 
would be valuable only if they made it so by occupy- 
ing the lands they claimed, and building up for them- 
selves the trade they desired. The English were perhaps 
the last to see this, but with the beginning of the new 
century many of the business men of the country had 
come to see the value of making colonies, and so interest 
in Virginia grew. Finally some of these business men 
asked permission of the king to send out colonists, and 
he granted them a charter, or a statement of the rights 
they might have in the new land. There were to be 
two colonies, said King James, and he carefully planned 
the government for them. In each settlement a council 
appointed by the company in England was to be the 
ruling power. 

Two companies were at once formed, one to settle each 
of the colonies. The one interested in the southern colony 
was known as the London Company, because most of its 
members lived in London. The other was called the 
Plymouth Company. The Plymouth Company tried to 
make a settlement on the Kennebec River in what is now 
the state of Maine, but it failed, and the company never 
amounted to much. 

The London Company sent out a fleet of three vessels, 
with about a hundred colonists, just before Christmas, 
1606. The colonists carried with them a paper telling 



FROM THE OLD WORLD TO THE NEW 



103 



them many important things about choosing a place for 
settlement, and how to deal with the Indians. They had 
also in a sealed box the names of the members of the 
council. This box was not to be opened until they 
reached land. 

Among the colonists on one of the vessels was a man 
named John Smith, who afterward became such an im- 
portant man in the col- 
ony that it will be well 
for us to take time to 
find out what sort of 
man he was. Many sto- 
ries are told of his early 
life and his strange ad- 
ventures. Just what part 
of these stories we are 
to believe it is hard to 
tell. 

"We know that he was 
a soldier, and that he 

fought in Holland against Captain John Smith. 

the Spaniards. After that it is said that he spent sev- 
eral years in fighting against the Turks, and doing many 
strange and wonderful things. Once he was captured, 
and held as a slave by the Turks, but he finally escaped, 
so the story goes, and came home to England not long 




104 FROM THE OLD AVORLD TO THE NEW 

before the London Company's ships were to start for 
Virginia. He was the sort of man to like the adventurous 
life of a new settlement, so we find him on board ship, 
sailing toward the new land. 

It would be interesting to know what it was that led 
the men on the little ships to leave their homes for a wild 
country so far away. Perhaps one was poor, another 
discontented, another longing for adventure. It Avas a 
chance to see the world, perhaps to make a fortune. Not 
many, I fear, had any thought of making homes in Vir- 
ginia where they should live always, and where their 
children should live after them. 

There were no women in the party, nor were there 
many men who were used to hard work. More than half 
of the number did not even know how to chop down a 
tree. There were men whose business it was to refine 
gold, but, alas ! they were to find no gold to work on. 
There was even a man who could make perfumes ; but 
farmers, who would know how to raise food for the settle- 
ment, and strong laborers, who could fell trees and build 
houses, were entirely lacking. 

Even before they landed, quarrels broke out among the 
men. They accused Smith of trying to start a rebellion, 
and he was kept in irons during the rest of the voyage. 
After two months of sailing the fleet approached the land. 
A storm drove them to take refuge in what we now call 



FROM THE OLD WORLD TO THE NEW 105 

Chesapeake Bay. They explored it a little, and finding 
the mouth of a river, sailed up the stream, which they 
named James in honor of the king. They determined to 
settle on the shore of this river. It was not a very good 
place for a settlement, being low and marshy. But it 
was a beautiful spot, and the colonists were well j)leased 
with it. 

They opened the box which contained the names of the 
council, read the names, and the members were sworn into 
office — all except Smith, whose name had been found in 
the box, but who was not allowed by the rest of the coun- 
cil to take his place. Work on the fort was begun, and 
it was soon finished. The settlement of Jamestown, or 
James Cittie, as it was often called, was really begun. 
The first successful English colony was thus planted in 
1607. 

When the fort was finished, the next thing to be 
thought of was a church, but that was easily provided.. 
It was in the spring, and the weather was warm, so the 
colonists decided to have the minister preach in a little 
grove. They stretched a piece of canvas for a roof, and 
nailed a board across from one tree to another for a 
reading desk, and the church was done. 

The first summer at Jamestown was a hard one. 
There was soon very little left of the food brought in the 
ships, and the corn the colonists had planted was not yet 



106 FROM THE OLD WORLD TO THE NEW 

ready for harvesting. The low, marshy land upon which 
they had built was unhealtliful, and most of the settlers 
were sick. Many died, so that by the end of September 
only half the company was left. Smith, who at last had 
been given his place in the council, since his enemies 
could prove nothing against him, did more than any one 
else to get corn from the Indians. 

At first the settlers found the Powhatans, their nearest 
Indian neighbors, friendly, but there were other tribes 
not far away who gave them trouble. Even the Pow- 
hatans were not always to be trusted. Once during the 
winter, when Smith was exploring the country, they 
attacked him, and, after killing his two companions, pre- 
pared to kill him. He was tied to a tree to be burned, 
but it is said that he showed them his little pocket 
compass, which so delighted them that they let him 
live. 

The rest of the story is the one you have often heard, 
that of Pocahontas. Some writers do not believe this 
story, though others accept it as true. Smith said that, 
after being taken to the Indian village, the Indians again 
decided to kill him. Placing his head upon a great 
stone, they seized their war clubs, when Pocahontas, 
a little daughter of the chief, rushed in and threw 
herself upon him, so that they could not strike. His 
life was saved, and Pocahontas became his friend, and 



FROM THE OLD WORLD TO THE NEW 



107 



the friend of all the English at 
Jamestown. There were times after 
this when the settlers might have 
starved but for the food she 
brought them. She finally 
married one of the colonists, 
and he took her to England. 
She never saw her native land 
again, but died in England 
just as she and her 
husband were about /^ 
to return to Virginia. 



¥-^ 




Pocahontas. 



THINGS TO REMEMBER 

1. Some business men asked the king for permission to found 
a colony in Virginia. 

2. The king granted them a charter. 

3. Two companies were formed. The London Company was 
to settle the southern part of the territory, and the Plymouth 
Company the northern part. 

4. The Plymouth Company never accomplished much. 

5. The London Company settled Virginia in 1607. Their 
settlement was at Jamestown. 

6. The settlers were not well suited for the work they had 
to do. 

7. Captain John Smith did a great deal for the colonists. 
Sometimes they would have starved but for him and the way he 
ruled them. 



108 FROM THE OLD WORLD TO THE NEW 

THINGS TO DO 

1. rind the exact meaning of charter, council, to refine gold, 

* 

marshy, .compass. 

2. Make a map of the eastern coast of North America, and 
show on it where Jamestown was, and how far Virginia was sup- 
posed to extend. 

3. Write about the two "Virginia Companies," using the fol- 
lowing topics : — 

I. When and why the two companies were formed. 
II. The name of each company — why these names 
were given. 
III. What the Plymouth Company did. 
IV. What the London Company did. 

4. Write about Captain John Smith, using these topics : — 

I. His early life. 

II. Why he joined the Virginia colonists. 

III. The trouble on shipboard. 

IV. What he did for the colonists after reaching Virginia. 
V. His dealings with the Indians. 



XII 

The second summer was easier than the first. One 
hundred new settlers had come to join the company, and 
only a few were lost during the hot months. Smith was 
made president of the council, and things seemed to be 
going very well. In September another band of colonists 
arrived. 

But the London Company was getting impatient. 
Where was the gold that was to pay them for the ex- 
pense of settling Virginia ? Where was the passage to 
the Pacific that they had expected the colonists to find ? 
Where were the traces of Raleigh's lost colonists that 
they had been told to look for ? " What was Virginia 
good for ? " they asked. 

When Smith Avas told all this, he said with more truth 
than politeness that the London Company were fools ! 
And he thought so more than ever when he read the 
orders they had sent. The chief of the Powhatans was 
to be crowned, said King James. The mighty emperor 
of the red men must wear the crown sent him by his 
Majesty the king of England. Smith and Captain New- 
port, who had brought these strange orders, proceeded to 

109 



110 



FROM THE OLD WORLD TO THE NEW 



carry them out. After wrapping about the old warrior 
a red robe in place of his covering of raccoon skins, the 
crown was placed upon his head. It is said that the 
Indian gave his old coat of skins to Smith, telling him to 
send it as a present to King James. 




' ,/,v Crowning the Chief of the Powhatans. 

Many stories are told of the way in which Captain 
Smith managed the colony. He said that whoever would 
not work should not eat, and so forced the settlers to 
earn their .daily bread. When the handles of the axes 
made blisters on their tender hands the men used many 



FROM THE OLD WORLD TO THE NEW 111 

oaths. Smith had every man's oaths counted, and when 
the day's work was done, for every oath a can of water 
was poured down the offender's sleeve. There was 
very little swearing after a week or two of this treat- 
ment. 

Some one found a bank of bright yellow dirt, and the 
news spread rapidly. Gold was found at last ! All other 
w^ork was dropped and every one set to work to prepare 
a cargo of gold to send home to England. But it was 
wasted labor. When the ship reached England it was 
found that the '' yellow stuff " was not gold at all ; the 
company was more disgusted than ever. 

In 1609 word was brought to Virginia that the London 
Company had obtained a new charter. Hereafter there 
was to be no council in Virginia. A governor appointed 
by the council in London was to rule the colony. Lord 
Delaware had been appointed governor, and would soon 
start for Jamestown. Already a fleet of nine vessels was 
on the way, bringing many new colonists. 

These new arrivals proved harder to manage than the 
others had been. They were mostly idle adventurers, who 
had no intention of doing any hard work. Matters grew 
worse when Smith, who had been injured by an explosion 
of gunpowder, had to go home to England. The new- 
comers soon made trouble with the Indians, who began to 
murder settlers whenever they found a chance. When 



112 FROM THE OLD WORLD TO THE NEAV 

winter came, there was not enough shelter for all the 
men, and food became scarce. 

Then came a time when the last handful of corn was 
gone. The people tried to live upon roots and herbs ; 
they ate their dogs ; they even devoured rats ; at last 
they became cannibals, eating the bodies of their dead 
companions. In the time between October and May the 
number dwindled from five hundred to sixty, and they 
were almost starved, — so weak that they could scarcely 
move about. 

Was this to be another failure ? It seemed so. Cap- 
tain Newport came in May, after a long voyage, during 
which he had been wrecked on one of the Bermuda 
Islands. He brought food, but not enough to last long. 
It would be better to give up, and take the miserable 
sufferers home to England. All the work, all the sorrow 
and suffering, had been for nothing. Virginia must be 
left once more to the red men. 

Sadly the little cabins were deserted, and the unhappy 
settlers taken on board the ships. The sails were set, 
and slowly the ships moved down the river, the colonists 
looking back for a long farewell to the land of their bitter 
disappointment. 

But the voyage was a short one after all, and when 
they landed once more, it was not in England, the home 
across the sea, but in the new home they had left three 



FROM THE OLD WORLD TO THE NEW 



113 



days before. For, as they sailed on their sorrowful way 
down the river, what should they see but a boat — a 
white man's boat ! 

Yes, the governor's boat, hurrying to tell them that 
the governor himself was close behind. On came the 




Lord Delaware's Ships meeting the Starving Colonists. 

ships, with their great white sails fluttering like banners 
of hope to the eyes strained to catch the first glimpse of 
them ; pushing their way sturdily along, with Lord Dela- 
ware standing on the deck, thanking God that he had 
come in time to save Virginia. 

After this the colony prospered, under the rule of Lord 



114 FROM THE OLD WORLD TO THE NEW 

Delaware and the governors lie appointed. Each settler 
was made to work for his own home instead of for the 
common welfare of the settlement. The raising of 
tobacco was begun, and was found to be profitable. Set- 
tlers moved farther and farther away from the town, so 
that they might have room for their great fields or plan- 
tations of tobacco. 

To make the men of the colony more contented, and to 
help them in making homes, the company in England 
sent over two shiploads of young women, who were to be 
married to the settlers. Each man was to pay the com- 
pany about a hundred pounds of tobacco for his wife. 
This seems a queer arrangement, but it proved to be a 
good one. Families grew up on the lonely plantations, 
better houses were built, and at last Virginia began to be 
a country of real homes. 

In 1619 a Dutch ship, returning from a voyage to the 
West Indies, came to Jamestown, with twenty negroes, 
who were sold to the settlers as slaves. This was the 
beginning of negro slavery in our country. It was found 
that these black men and women, who had lived in the hot 
lands of Africa, could bear the heat of the Virginia sum- 
mer better than the white people, so they were eagerly 
sought to work on the tobacco plantations. Slavehold- 
ing became a feature of plantation life, and the number 
of slaves rapidly increased. 



FROM THE OLD WORLD TO THE NEW 



115 



In the same year that slavery was begun, the first law- 
making assembly of the Virginia people came together. 
This was a body of men who came from every part of 
Virginia to Jamestown, to make the laws for the colony. 
The plantations were by this time so widely scattered that 
it would have been impossible for all the men of the 




.Mansion. 



Ax ()li) \'ii{<.ini 

colony to meet at Jamestown. So the people of each 
neighborhood selected one or two of their number to 
represent them in the House of Burgesses as the law- 
making body was called. This was the beginning of self- 
government in America. When, in 1624, the charter of 
the London Company was taken away by the king, and 
Virginia became a royal colony, the people were afraid 



116 FROM THE OLD WORLD TO THE NEW 

they would no longer be allowed to have their House of 
Burgesses, but the king did not interfere with it. 

Virginia was on the road to prosperity. During the 
next century it became a large and thriving colony, 




WkALTHY VlKGINIANS— -TIIEIU CoSTUMES AND IMaXNKHS. 

peopled by rich planters, who owned great plantations 
and many slaves, and who were known everywhere for 
their loyalty to the Church of England and to the 
king. 

As wealth increases, life in Virginia becomes a pleasant 
thing, even though the Indians are not far away, and 
though the wilderness is close at hand. In his boat, 
manned by well-trained slaves, the planter, with the 
ladies of his household, may be swiftly rowed from his 
little wharf on some one of the hundreds of little creeks 



FROM THE OLD WORLD TO THE NEW 117 

opening upon the James, to some neighboring plantation, 
only a few miles distant. A cordial welcome will await 
them, and we shall hear the gentle laughter of the ladies, 
mingled with the tapping of their high-heeled shoes upon 
the oaken floors; while the heavier tread and the louder 
voices of the men may be heard as they wander about 
outside, smoking their pipes of Virginia tobacco, and talk- 
ing of the crops or the latest news from Jamestown, or 
from "home," as they still call England. 

We need fear no longer that the colony in Virginia will 
not succeed. There are homes there, with peace and 
plenty reigning in them, and in the busy world of work 
about them. The hard days for Virginia are over. 

THINGS TO REMEMBER 

1. Several shiploads of new settlers reached Virginia. Smith 
made every man work. 

2. The government was changed. A governor from England 
was to rule the colony. 

3. Smith was injured and had to go home to England. 

4. Food became scarce and at last the settlers were almost 
starved. 

5. It was decided to leave the colony and start for England. 
The ships had just started when the new governor, Lord Dela- 
ware, met them, and they returned to Jamestown. 

6. After this the colony grew strong and prosperous. 

7. The settlers began to raise tobacco. 



118 FROM THE OLD WORLD TO THE NEW 

8. Slavery was begun in 1619. 

9. The House of Burgesses was formed. 

THINGS TO READ 

1. Hale's ''Stories of Discovery," pp. 131-136. 

2. ''Historical Classic Readings," No. 2. 

3. "Old Times in the Colonies," pp. 72-86 and 97-110. 

4. Markham's "Colonial Days," pp. 127-145. 

5. Eggleston's "Strange Stories from History," pp. 175-185. 

6. Cooke's " Stories of the Old Dominion." 

7. Harper^s Magazine, Vol. 65, p. 895. 

THINGS TO DO 

1. Find the exact meaning of slavery, assembly, loyalty, represent. 

2. Write an account of the settlement of Jamestown, supposing 
yourself to be one of the settlers. This may be in the form of 
a letter. 



XIII 

Long before Virginia had reached the prosperous days 
of which we have been reading, there were other colonies 
established along the Atlantic shore of the new continent. 
You will remember that Quebec was founded by the French 
in 1608, only a year later than the settlement of Virginia, 
We are now to see how and why other settlements were 
made by the English. 

The settlement of Virginia was from the first a business 
enterprise. The next colony we are to study was estab- 
lished for very different reasons. To understand them, 
we must know what was going on in England for many 
years before 1620, when the settlement was made. 

You remember the new religion that grew up in France, 
whose followers were called Protestants or Huguenots, and 
perhaps you may remember that I told you that this reli- 
gion was a part of a great religious movement that con- 
cerned all Europe. Perhaps you remember also that 
Queen Elizabeth, who was herself a Protestant, favored 
the people of that belief. The services of the Church of 
England were conducted according to Protestant ideas. 
All the queen's subjects were ordered to attend these 

119 



120 FROM THE OLD WORLD TO THE NEW 

services. The Catholics of England must become Prot- 
estant, or be punished, said the queen. 

But now it came about that many people in England 
were not much better satisfied with the Church of England 
than they had been with the Catholic Church. The new 
church was too much like the old one, they said, and they 
wished to change or do away with many of the forms used 
in the services. They said the church needed to be puri- 
fied, so the people called them Puritans. They were people 
who read the Bible a great deal, and tried to live as the 
Bible told them. They condemned many of the fash- 
ions and amusements of the time ; they dressed in sober 
colors, and instead of wearing immense wigs, which were 
fashionable at that time, their hair was cut short. This 
made their enemies call them Roundheads. 

After a time there grew up among the Puritans a class 
of people who decided that it was of no use to try to 
reform the Chiu-ch of England, and that it would be 
better to form new chiurches of their own, where they 
could worship God in what they believed to be the true 
way. These people were called Separatists, because they 
wished to separate from the Chm^ch. Some of them tried 
to carry out their plan, and formed a congregation in Lon- 
don. This was broken up by order of the queen, however, 
and many of its members sent to jail. But this did not 
keep the number of Separatists from increasing. 



FRO]\I THE OLD WORLD TO THE NEW 121 

When Queen Elizabeth died, and King James took her 
place in 1603, both Puritans and Separatists were treated 
more harshly than ever. The members of one Separatist 
congregation suffered so much that they fled from Eng- 
land in 1609, and settled in Holland. In the city of 
Leyden they remained for eleven years, increasing from 
three hundred to a thousand in that time. They were 
called Pilgrims because they had journeyed from their 
homes for their religion. 

Before the eleventh year had come to an end, the Pil- 
grims had decided to set out once more in search of new 
homes. The Dutch people in Leyden had been very kind 
to them, but the Pilgrims did not like to think that as their 
children and grandchildren grew up they would learn to 
speak Dutch instead of English, and marry Dutch hus- 
bands and wives, until after a time they would almost 
forget that they were English people. It would be better 
to go away somewhere by themselves, and build up a new 
nation, where they could bring up their children to be real 
English men and women. 

But " Where ? " was the question. Europe was full 
already, it seemed. Virginia ? No, they would have to 
go back to the Church of England if they should go to 
Virginia. How would the northern shore of South 
America do ? Too hot, they said. ' Or the coast of 
New England ? Too cold ! The Delaware River ? Just 



122 FROM THE OLD WORLD TO THE NEW 

the place, they decided ; and they obtained a grant of 
land there from the London Company. They asked 
King James for a charter, but he would not give them 
one. However, he said they should be let alone "as 
long as they behaved properly." 

In 1620 those of the Leyden congregation who had 
volunteered to go first and try the new plan, sailed from Hol- 
land in a rather rickety old ship, the Sjjeedivell ; touching at 
Southampton in England, they were joined by another 
ship, the MayfloiDer. This ship had on board a few friends 
who were to join the company from England. The Speed- 
ivell proved to be unsafe for such a voyage, and they had 
to come back to port with her, and leave her behind. All 
but twenty of her passengers were crowded on board the 
Ma?jJloive7\ making one hundred and two in all. Among 
these was Captain Miles Standish, who, although not a 
believer in their church, had become attached to the Pil- 
grims in Holland, and now went with them to build a 
new home in the forests of America. 

It was a long voyage, and a stormy one. The little 
ship was sadly tossed about by the great waves, and Avhen 
it finally reached North America, it was many miles north 
of the Delaware River. Turning the ship southward, they 
tried to go on, but a storm came, which forced them to 
take refuge in Cape Cod Bay. 

Being tired of the crowded vessel, it was proposed that 



FROM THE OLD WORLD TO THE NEW 



125 



they find a home here instead of wandering farther, and 
the plan was adopted. For five weeks they remained in 
the harbor, while exploring parties went to look for a 
good place in which to begin their little town. At last 
the question was settled, and building began. 




Plymouth Rock as it looks To-day. 

The place chosen was one that had been called Plym- 
outh, on a map made by Captain John Smith, and the 
Pilgrims kept the name. You may see there now the 
rock upon which some of the colonists are said to have 
landed. It is called Plymouth Rock, and is famous through- 
out the whole country. 

At first there was but a single house, as the weather 
was too cold for much building. Here the great family 
gathered, and waited for the spring. The Indians did 
not trouble them, though they were often seen prowl- 



126 



FROM THE OLD WORLD TO THE NEW 



ing among the trees of the forest. One day in the spring 
the colonists were siu-prised by the sight of an Indian 
warrior, who walked boldly into the little village, and 
in English welcomed the "palefaces" to his country. It 
was afterward found that he had learned his few English 
words from some fishermen. 

The colonists treated him kindly. Not long after this 
he came again, bringing Massasoit, the chief of a neighbor- 




Cai'tain Milks Standisii and iii.s Soi-uiek.s. 

ing tribe, with a group of his painted and feathered 
braves. Captain Standish, who was the military leader of 
the Pilgrims, led the Indians with great honor into the 
village, where the governor came to meet them. Massasoit 
agreed that there should be peace between the redskins of 
his tribe and the palefaces. This agreement was faith- 
fully kept for more than fifty years. 



FROM THE OLD WORLD TO THE NEW 129 

It is thought that the Indians might have troubled the 
Pilgrims more if they had not been afraid of a strange 
power they believed the white men to have. The Indians 
had lately passed through a dreadful pestilence, which had 
killed more than half of the red men in New England. 
Many of the Indians believed that the awful disease had 
been sent as a punishment iDecause they had murdered two 
or three white fishermen the year before. If the white 
men could send such awful punishment upon them, it 
would be best not to harm the white men, thought the 
old warriors. So, although they would have been glad to 
attack them, they did not dare, and the Pilgrims were not 
disturbed. 

But while the Indians did not trouble the settlement, 
there were other enemies, grimmer and more awful than 
they. Disease and death went hand in hand among the 
settlers. By spring half the company were dead, and 
almost all the others sick. At one time there were but 
seven well enough to take care of the sufferers. 

But with the beautiful New England spring came re- 
newed courage. Fields were planted with corn, houses 
were begun, a fort was built. Fish and game were brought 
in from the streams and woods. By autumn seven houses 
were finished, and others begun. The harvesting of the 
corn showed a good crop. The people of the little colony 
felt that they had many tilings to be thankful for. The 



130 FROM THE OLD WORLD TO THE NEW 

governor appointed a day in November to be set apart as 
a Thanksgiving Day. How different this day must have 
been from the Thanksgiving Day we have every year. 
Now there are milhons of families gathered together in 
the old homesteads in the country, or in dwellings on 
crowded city streets. Snowy tables bright with silver 
and glass await them. 

On that first Thanksgiving Day in Plymouth, all the 
people met as one family around tables spread out-of- 
doors. The dishes were of wood or pewter, and the food 
heaped upon them was not of the daintiest kind. But the 
colonists, who had often known during the year what it 
means to be hungry, did not complain, but ate with good 
appetites. Massasoit and his friendly warriors had been 
invited to feast with them. They brought as theu* con- 
tribution to the cheer of the day a bag full of snowy pop- 
corn, which the colonists found as good to eat as it was 
pretty to look at. 

Thanksgiving Day was but lately over when a ship was 
sighted in the harbor. This proved to be the Fortune, 
bringing about fifty more of the Pilgrims to join the com- 
pany. Families were reunited, friends and neighbors who 
had been parted met once more. There were sad hours 
spent in talking of tliose who had been laid to rest in the 
little burying-ground on the hill. For fear that the Indians 
might grow bold when they saw how many graves were 



FROM THE OLD WORLD TO THE NEW 133 

there, wheat had been sown above the Httle mounds, and 
many a tear was shed as eyes were turned toward that field 
of waving grain. But with courage and trust in God, the 
cold winter was met again. For two years the struggle 
was an anxious one. Slowly the little colony grew, but 
still it did grow. Often discouraged, but never willing to 
give up, the brave men and women toiled and endured, 
until there was no longer any doubt that Plymouth would 
succeed. 

THINGS TO REMEMBER 

1. Many people of England wanted to have the Church of 
England *' purified" or made better. These people were called 
Puritans. 

2. There grew up among the Puritans a class of people who 
wished to leave the church and make a new church of their own. 
They were called Separatists. 

3. King James treated both Puritans and Separatists harshly. 

4. A company of Separatists left England. They are known 
as the Pilgrims. 

5. They lived in Holland for eleven years. Then they came 
to America. 

6. They settled at Plymouth in 1620. 

7. They suffered many hardships, but after the first few years 
the colony grew and prospered. 

THINGS TO READ 

1. "Historical Classic Readings," Nos. 3 and 9. 

2. Markham's "Colonial Days," pp. 97-107. 



134 FROM THE OLD WORLD TO THE NEW 

3. Moore's "Pilgrims and Puritans," pp. 20-91. 

4. Griffis's ''- Pilgrims in their Three Homes," pp. 84-90, 117- 
132, 150-lGO, also Chs. XVII, XX, XXI, XXII. 

5. Brooks's " Stories of the Old Bay State," pp. 9-81. 

6. Hale's "Story of Massachusetts," pp. 20-42, 44-49. 

7. " The Landing of the Pilgrim Fathers," by Mrs. Hemans. 

8. Selections from "The Courtship of Miles Standish." 

9. " Standish of Standish," by Jane Austin. (A story.) 

10. "Exploits of Myles Standish," by Henry Johnson. 

11. " Soldier Rigdale," by Beulah Marie Dix. (A story.) 

THINGS TO DO 

1. Find the exact meaning of jnosjierous, congregation, jyesti- 
lence, volunteered. 

2. Place Plymouth on the map you made to show Virginia. 

3. Find pictures relating to Plymouth and the Pilgrims. 

4. Write on " Why I would rather live now than to have 
been one of the Pilgrims." 

5. Make a list of things we all have in our homes that the 
Pilgrims never heard of. 

6. Write on the Pilgrims, using the following topics : — 

I. Where their home was — why they left it. 
II. Where they went first — how long they remained 
there — why they did not stay longer. 
III. Their voyage to America. 

7. Write on life in Plymouth in 1622, using the following 
topics : — 

T. Size of town — homes- — people. 
II. Dress — work — amusements. 
III. Dangers — hardships. 



XIV 



While in 1609 the English at Jamestown and the 
French at Quebec were struggling with the great ques- 
tions of life in the wilderness, a new nation was enter- 
ing the field of American colonization. This was Holland, 




'llllillK. ^^ 



A Scene in Holland. 

and we must go back to Europe to know how and why 
the Dutch people first came to our shores. We know 
what kind of a country Holland is now. It was the 

135 



136 FROxM THE OLD WORLD TO THE NEW 

same then, with its low, marshy land, from which the 
ocean was kept out only by walls of earth and stone, 
with its canals and its windmills, its fine cattle, and its 
plentiful crops. 

We know from the story of the Pilgrims that no one 
in Holland was persecuted because of his religion; and 
we know that the Dutch people fought hard to win their 
independence from Spain. But perhaps we do not know 
that the Dutch were the greatest traders of their time. 
The position of their country, midway between the north- 
ern and southern countries of Europe, made it a natural 
centre of trade for these nations. Silks, spices, India 
shawls, — all the products of the East, — came to Holland, 
and were there exchanged for goods sent from the north. 

It was during their war with Spain that the Dutch 
began to go themselves to the East Indies. From the 
time when Portuguese ships were the first to sail around 
the Cape of Good Hope, the trade with the East had 
always remained in Portuguese hands. Their ships 
brought the goods to Lisbon. There they were reloaded 
on Dutch ships and carried to Holland. But Portugal 
became a part of Spain, and the Dutch, who were at war 
with Spain, could no longer go to Lisbon to obtain goods. 
What next? Why, to the Indies, of course. 

The very thing that cut off Dutch trade from Lisbon 
opened to Dutch trade the door to the rich islands of the 



FROM THE OLD WORLD TO THE NEW 



137 



East. The Portuguese islands of Java, Sumatra, and the 
Mokicca Islands were Portuguese no longer. They 
belonged to Spain, and Holland need wait only until she 
was strong enough to attack them before making them 
her own. Nor had she long to wait. 

You remember that England was helping the Dutch in 
their struggle for independence, and you remember that 




Scene in the Spice Islands. 

with the glorious day in 1588 on which the " Invincible 
Armada" of Spain was defeated, Spain's power on the 
sea was broken forever. 

Scarcely had the smoke of the battle cleared away 
before the businesslike Dutchmen were laying their plans 
for conquering the East, and it was only a few years 



138 FROM THE OLD WORLD TO THE NEW 

before their plans were carried out. By 1607 they were 
in possession of the islands that had been owned by the 
Portuguese. Tea and coffee were introduced into Europe, 
and Dutch merchants grew rich from their sale. 

'' A short route to the Indies ! " became the cry of 
Dutch navigators, as it had been the cry of Portuguese 
and Spaniards in Columbus's time. The Dutch East 
India Company, which had been formed by men inter- 
ested in eastern commerce, resolved to send out a ship to 
look for a northeast passage around the coast of Russia. 
Henry Hudson, an Englishman, was asked to take charge 
of this ship. He had already made at least two voyages 
in this same direction, and although he had found no pas- 
sage to India, he had become famous as a brave captain. 

He set out in 1609 with but one small ship, called the 
Half Moon. Up around the North Cape he sailed, but 
could find no passage through the ice. He may have 
thought he could find a northwest route around North 
America. The vessel was turned about, and before long 
we hear of it off the coast of Maine. He sailed down the 
coast to Chesapeake Bay, then back to New York Bay, 
but found no passage to the Pacific. After trading with 
the Indians, whom he found most friendly, he entered 
the mouth of the river that was afterward named for 
him. He thouglit it might be a strait through to the 
ocean beyond. 



FROM THE OLD WORLD TO THE NEW 



139 




The Palisades. 

It is Hudson wlio has given us our first descriptions of 
this beautiful river ; the Palisades, a high wall of rock 
along the western shore, the Catskills farther up, the 
woodlands, the broad stream itself, have charmed many 
a visitor since the day of the Half Moon, but Hudson 
and his men were the first to tell us of them. 

Up the stream almost as far as the place where Albany 
now stands the good ship drifted with the tide, or sailed 
in the occasional puffs of wind from the mountainous 
shore. They stopped now and then to trade with the 
Indians, who, when friendly, would exchange otter and 
beaver skins for trifles. At other times the sailors were 



140 FROM THE OLD WORLD TO THE NEW 

kept busy making the guns of the old ship ring out in 
answer to twanging arrows from some hidden enemy on 
the shore. 

At last they tiurned back, and sailed do^vn again to the 
mouth of the river, then out upon the broad Atlantic, then 
home. Hudson was not with them when the Half Moon 
reached Holland. On the return voyage the vessel had 
first stoj)ped at an English port, and King James, who 
wanted as many of the good things of this world as he 
could get, refused to allow" Hudson to leave the country. 
" If you must sail, it shall l^e for me ! " he seems to have 
said. 

So Hudson stayed behind, and the crew went on to 
Amsterdam, to tell their story of pm^ple mountains croAvned 
with the glowing lights of the setting sun, of the great 
river which flowed down between the mountains to the 
sea, of a harbor shut in from the wild ocean on every 
side, and bordered by pleasant meadows and flowery 
fields. 

" All very good ! " said the businesslike Dutchmen, 
" but what about the passage to India ? " Alas ! they had 
found none. Perhaps it was then that the sailors brought 
forth the furs they had gotten from the Indians, to show 
that the voyage had not been all in vain. The East India 
Company was disappointed. Hudson had disobeyed orders. 
He had not found the northeast passage he had been sent 



FROM THE OLD WORLD TO THE NEW 143 

to find. So they went on with their trade in the East, and 
paid no further attention to the beantifal river or the island 
at its mouth. 

THINGS TO REMEMBER 

1. The Dutch people iu Holland were great traders. 

2. Dutch ships used to go to Lisbon to obtain eastern products 
that the Portuguese had brought from India and the islands near by. 

3. Portugal became a part of Spain at a time when Holland and 
Spain were at war. 

4. Dutch merchants could no longer go to Lisbon, They resolved 
to conquer the Portuguese islands in the East. 

5. Soon after the defeat of the Spanish Armada had broken 
Spain's power on the sea, the Dutch did conquer these islands. 

6. They wanted to find a short route to them. 

7. The Dutch East India Company sent out Henry Hudson to 
look for a northeast passage around the coast of Russia. 

8. He could not find it. He turned his ship to the west and 
discovered the Hudson River. 

9. The East India Company was disappointed and paid no atten- 
tion to the river he had discovered. 

THINGS TO DO 

1. Eind the exact meaning of colonization, persecuted, products, 
invinc ible, introduced. 

2. Show the Hudson River and Manhattan Island on the map 
where you have placed Jamestown and Plymouth. 

3. Write about " Holland and its People." 

I. Where Holland is — what kind of land we find there. 
(" Hollow land " — what does this mean ?) 



144 FROM THE OLD WORLD TO THE NEW 

II. The people of Holland — what we call them — what kind 
of people they are. 
III. The Dutch as traders. 
4. Write about Hudson's voyage. 

I. Who Hudson was — why he was captain of a Dutch 
ship. 
II. What Hudson set out to find — where he was to look 
for it. 

III. Where he went — what he saw. 

IV. What the Dutch East India Company thought of his 

voyage. 



XV 



It was the cargo of furs brought from America by Hud- 
son's men that led to its settlement by the Dutch. There 
were merchants in Holland who were interested in these 
fm's, if the East India Company was not, and who sent 
out ships to " Hudson's River " to obtain more skins. By 
1613 there were fom- rude huts on Manhattan Island for 
the use of these traders, and, during the next few years, 
the fur trade grew rapidly. An old fort built by French 
explorers on the bank of the river, near where Albany now 
is, was repaired, and bargains were made with the Ind- 
ians, muskets and ammunition being exchanged for skins. 
Still there was no permanent settlement. 

In 1621 it was decided to organize another great trad- 
ing company in Holland, to be called the Dutch West 
India Company, and in 1623, three years after the Pil- 
grims reached Plymouth, a shipload of colonists sent out 
by this company landed at Manhattan. 

The party was divided : some were landed on the 
island ; some were carried up the river to the old fort, not 
far from which they built a new fort, and started a settle- 
ment ; some went to build a fort on the Connecticut, at 

147 



148 FROM THE OLD WORLD TO THE NEW 

what is now Hartford ; others settled ou the western end 
of Long Island, close to Manhattan ; still another party 
set out for the Delaware River. You see they meant to 
occu23y a large amount of ground, although they were few 
in number. 

The Indians were on the whole friendly, but the colo- 
nists at the far-away forts on the Delaware, the Con- 
necticut, and the Hudson were sometimes uneasy, and at 
one time they were all brought to Manhattan. This was 
only for a time, however. 

The fiu" trade still flourished, and the company's boats 
sailed all along the neighboring shores, obtaining skins 
from the Indians. But the colony grew very slowly. 
The traders came and went, but not many new homes were 
made in New Netherland, as the land was called. There 
was nothing to drive the people of Holland away across 
the sea, as there was in the case of the English or the 
French. Free religion and free government they could 
have at home, and the Dutch were more than satisfied 
with then' native laud. 

The members of the West India Company shook their 
heads solemnly over the question of getting farmers to go 
to New Netherland, and at last, in 1629, they had a new 
plan to offer. Any one who would induce fifty grown 
peoj^le to go to the colony with him should be given a 
great estate on the river, over which he should be the 



FROM THE OLD WORLD TO THE NEW 149 

lord. These lords were to be called "patroons," and were 
to have a good deal of power over their estates. The 
fifty people who came with each patroon were to settle on 
his land and till the ground. They were forbidden to 
move from one estate to another, or from the country to 
the town at Manhattan, for ten years. In this way it was 
hoped that the country might be made into farms. 

The government of the colony was not like that of 
Plymotith, where the colonists had their town meeting, in 
which laws were made. Nor was it like that of Virginia, 
where the planters elected men to represent them in the 
House of Burgesses. There was no self-government in 
the Dutch colony at New Netherland. 

A governor was appointed by the West India Company 
in Holland, and he had full control of the colony, though 
the patroons were largely independent. Peter Minuit, the 
first governor, was a wise and good man. He pm-chased 
the island of Manhattan from the Indians, pajdng them 
for it sixty guilders' worth of beads and ribbons. It 
was a good bargain for the Dutch, — only a little more 
than a hundred dollars' worth of finery for the land 
where now stands the greatest city of America and next 
to the greatest city of the world. 

The town that grew up on the island was called New 
Amsterdam, in honor of the home city in Holland. It 
soon grew to look like a Dutch town, with its houses of 



150 FROM THE OLD WORLD TO THE NEW 




By Permission Title Guarantee and Trust Co. 



many-colored brick, having steep roofs and tiny windows. 
We hear no stories of suffering from himger here. The 
soil was fertile, and great crops of grain were raised, as 
well as vegetables and fruit in abundance. The Dutch- 
men were fond of good things to eat, and the women 
were famous cooks. 

After a hearty meal, the families might be seen sitting 
on the " stoop " or front doorsteps, the goodman peace- 
fully smoking his long Dutch pipe, while the women 
gossiped together, and the children played about. Even 
the clothes of these settlers were of bright colors, very 
different from the plain, sober garments of the Pilgrims 
in their Plymouth homes. 



FROM THE OLD WORLD TO THE NEW 



151 



Peaceful, happy lives were led in old New Amsterdam, 
but there was trouble brewing for the colony nevertheless. 
The English had always felt that the Dutch had no 
right to settle on the land claimed by England. And 




Dutch Family Scene. 
[From an old wood-cut.] 



several times the Dutch had been reminded that they 
were on forbidden ground. In 1636 the English who 
came to settle on the Connecticut drove the Dutch away 
from their fort there. Then came English settlements on 



152 FROM THE OLD WORLD TO THE NEW 

the eastern end of Long Island, and frequent quarrels 
between their people and the Dutch at Brooklyn. 

England and Holland, who had been the best of friends 
as long as they had fought together against Spain, became 
the bitterest of rivals when Spain had been subdued and 
the commerce of the world was left to the Dutch and the 
English. War came at last, and the fighting on the sea 
showed that English ships and English sailors were still 
hard to conquer. In spite of the peace that followed, the 
rivalry did not die out. Charles II came to the throne of 
England. He wanted the Dutch colony of New Nether- 
land. He was willing to fight for it, but it would not do 
to run the risk of fighting for nothing. He must surprise 
the Dutch. After he had gotten possession of New Am- 
sterdam he would fight all they wished him to. 

A fleet was prepared, and in 1664 it set out across the 
Atlantic. The eye of Holland was upon him, so King 
Charles had a good deal to say about his imruly colonies 
in New England. He was sending out a fleet to inquire 
into matters. And sine enough it was to Boston that the 
ships sailed. Old Peter Stuyvesant, who was then the 
governor of New Netherland, began to breathe easily 
again ; he sent away the warships he had been keeping in 
the harbor ever since he had heard of the English fleet 
upon the sea ; it was all right. The English ships were 
in Boston harbor. They had been there for a month. 



FROM THE OLD WORLD TO THE NEW 153 

But what are those strange ships sailkig so proudly up 
the bay ? What flag is that which floats upon the breeze ? 
Spy-glasses are levelled ; the old governor stalks about on 
his wooden leg, crying out that the English shall never 
take the town. But the people know it is no use to fight, 
and they beg the old man to give up the town without 
bloodshed, since they must give it up at last. 

Finally he consents, sorrowfully saying, " Well, let it 
be so. I would rather be carried to my grave." The fleet, 
which has waited in the harbor, now sails up by the town. 
A white flag flutters above the fort. Dutch rule is over. 
Without the shedding of a drop of blood, New Amsterdam 
has perished. New York has come to take its place. 

THINGS TO REMEMBER 

1. The furs brought by Hudson's men interested some of the 
merchants of Holland who did not belong to the Dutch East India 
Company. They began to send ships to the river Hudson had 
found, to get more of them. 

2. In 1621 these merchants formed the Dutch West India Com- 
pany. 

3. A shipload of colonists sent out by this company landed at 
the mouth of the Hudson River in 1623. 

4. The colony grew slowly. The company gave large estates 
to those who would induce fifty people to go to the new colony. 
This was to help the new settlement to grow. 

5. The colony at New Netherland had no self-government. It 
was ruled by a governor appointed by the company. 



154 FROM THE OLD WORLD TO THE NEW 

6. The town at the mouth of the river was called New Amster- 
dam. 

7. The English and the Dutch both claimed the land where the 
Dutch had settled. 

8. The English seized the town in 1664. They changed its 
name to New York. 

THINGS TO EEAD 

1. " Stories of Our Country," pp. 24-29. 

2. Higginson's " Young Folks' Series," No. 7. 

3. " Historical Classic Readings," No. 9, pp. 57-63. 

4. " The Land of Pluck," by Mary Mapes Dodge. 

5. " Brave Little Holland," by W. E. Griffis. 

THINGS TO DO 

1. Find the exact meaning of elected, represent, ammunition, per- 
manent, estate, rivalry, organize. 

2. Find pictures of Dutch houses. 

3. Put New Amsterdam on the map that shows Jamestown and 
Plymouth. 

4. Write about New Amsterdam, using the following topics : — 

I. Where it was — how it looked. 
II. How the people lived. 
III. What became of New Amsterdam. What is there to-day. 



XVI 



While these things were taking place in the colony 
on the Hudson, many changes had come about in New 
England. The Plymouth colony was no longer alone. 
Soon after Plymouth was founded we hear of little 
settlements dotted along the coast, made up mostly of 
fishermen. And in 1628 there was obtained a grant of 
land which was to become the seat of a colony greater 
in size than Plymouth, and of a city that is still the 
largest in the North Atlantic States. 

There were now many Puritans in England, and they 
wished as much as ever for freedom in their religion. Not 
only that, but they insisted upon the right of the people 
to helj) in governing themselves. King Charles I did 
not want any help in governing his people, even from the 
people themselves, so he was not very fond of the Puri- 
tans. They were afraid that the time might come when 
England would no longer be a safe place for them, and 
they, like the Separatists, would have to find new homes 
beyond the sea. 

They resolved to begin at once to get the new homes 
ready, and they organized a company, which obtained the 

157 



158 



FROM THE OLD WORLD TO THE NEW 



grant of land in New England, of which we spoke at the 
beginning of the chapter. Next they obtained a royal 




The Puuitan. 

[Statue by J. Q. A. Ward.] 



charter from the king, who was glad enough to be rid 
of them, and the colony was begun. The first town, 
Salem, was in 1629 larger than Plymouth, which was now 



FROM THE OLD WORLD TO THE NEW 159 

nine years old, and this was only the beginning of the 
Puritan colony. 

The trouble expected in England soon came, and many 
of the Pmitans set sail for the New World. More than a 
thousand came during the next year, 1630, among them 
John Winthrop, the governor, and the Massachusetts Bay 
Company itself, bringing its precious charter. This was 
the first case in which the company that governed a 
colony came with the colonists to America. They did 
it to escape the danger of having the charter taken away 
by the king. 

Boston and Charlestown were settled, as well as several 
other towns round about. The Massachusetts Bay Colony 
soon became the largest in New England. It was so large 
that it was found impossible to have all the men meet to- 
gether to make the laws ; so the plan of electing men to 
represent each town was adopted. This assembly was 
somewhat like the Virginia House of Bm-gesses. It was 
called the General Court of the Massachusetts Bay Colony. 

The colony was from the first strong and sturdy, with 
good farms and busy traders. There were many churches, 
with ministers who preached the Puritan doctrines. There 
were also many educated men. In 1636 a college was 
established. It became known as Harvard College, and is 
to-day famous everywhere in America as the first college 
estabhshed in the country. 



160 



FROM THE OLD WORLD TO THE NEW 



One of the Puritan ministers will interest us, since it is 
through him that another settlement was made. His 
name was Roger Williams, and he lived, at different 
times, in Plymouth and in Salem. He was much loved 
by many of the people, but was not at all in favor with 
the other ministers and the town officers. He believed 

that going to chm-ch 
should not be regu- 
lated by law, and 
that each man had a 
right to decide for 
himself upon all re- 
ligious matters. It 
seems as if the Puri- 
tans, who had left 
England because they 
wished to think for 
themselves about 
such things, should have been willing for others to do 
the same, but they were not. This daring young min- 
ister used to say also that the land the king had given 
the Puritans was not his to give ; it was the property of 
the Indians. 

Roger Williams was considered a dangerous man, and 
in the autumn of 1635 men were sent to notify him to 
come to Boston and sail upon a ship that was just about 




Roger Williams Church, Salem. 



FROM THE OLD WORLD TO THE NEW 



161 



to start for England. He would be more likely to be pun- 
ished for his opinions in England than in America, so he left 
his home in Salem before the officers arrived to arrest him. 
He went to the Indians, with whom he was a great 
favorite, and spent the winter teaching them and trying 




Roger Williams among the Indians. 

to do them good. In the spring he set out, with a few 
friends who had joined him, to find a place outside the 
limits of the Massachusetts colony where he could make a 
settlement. They decided upon a place on the shore of 
Narragansett Bay, and when the little settlement was 
begun Williams named it Providence, because God had 
provided a home for him. 



162 FROM THE OLD WORLD TO THE NEW 

Only a sliort time after this, another person was ordered 
to leave Massachusetts, because of religious beliefs. This 
time it was a woman, Mrs. Anne Hutchinson. Her teach- 
ing had made quite a commotion in Boston. For many 
reasons it "was thought best to send her and her unruly 
followers away. Part of them, with Mrs. Hutchinson, 
went to an island not far from Providence. These two 
settlements were afterward united into the colony of 
Rhode Island. 

This is the story of the principal colonies of New Eng- 
land. But there were new towns springing up all the 
time. New Hampshire had been settled as early as 1623. 
In 1636 a company of people from Massachusetts walked 
through the wilderness and made the beginnings of Con- 
necticut. New England was fast growing into an impor- 
tant place. 

THINGS TO REMEMBER 

1. Not long after Plymouth was founded other settlements were 
made in New England. 

2. In 1630 many Puritans left England and settled the towns 
of Boston, Salem, Charlestown, and others near. 

3. This Puritan colony was called the Massachusetts Bay Colony. 
It grew very rapidly. 

4. The Puritans would not let Roger "Williams live among them 
because of his religious beliefs. 

5. In the spring of 1636 Williams with a few friends began a 
settlement on the shore of Narragansett Bay. They called it Provi- 
dence. People of any religion were welcome there. 



FROM THE OLD WORLD TO THE NEW 163 

6. Mrs. Anne Hutchinson was also obliged to leave the Massachu- 
setts colony for the same reason. She settled with her followers not 
far from Providence. These two settlements were afterward joined 
into the colony of Rhode Island. 

THINGS TO READ 

1. Moore's " Pilgrims and Puritans," pp. 92-152. 

2. CofBn's " Old Times in the Colonies," pp. 152-176, 187-190. 

3. Higginson's " Young Folks' Series," No. 8. 

4. Drake's " Making of New England," pp. 149-199. 

5. " Stories of Our Country," pp. 32-37. 

6. Hale's " Story of Massachusetts," pp. 50-114. 

7. Drake's " New England Legends," pp. 11-22. 

8. Oilman's " Story of Boston," pp. 1-82. 

9. Eassett's " Colonial Life in New Hampshire." 

THINGS TO DO 

1. Find the exact meaning of electing, doctrines, notify. 

2. Make a map of New England, showing all the settlements 
you have read about. 

3. Make a list of English settlements, telling why and by whom 
each was made. 

4. Write about Boston, using these topics : — 

L Boston in 1630. 
II. Boston now. 

5. Write about Roger Williams, using these topics : — 

I. 'WTiat kind of man he was. 
II. What people thought of him. 
III. Why he was obliged to leave his Salem home. 
IV. Where he went — the settlement he founded. 



XVII 

Shall we take a little journey toward Virginia, and see 
what is going on there ? Virginia has a new neighbor 
too. Yon remember the London Company, which formed 
Virginia. After the company was broken up by order of 
the king, one of its members. Lord Baltimore, thought 
of establishing a colony of his own. He was a member 
of the Catholic Chm^ch, and wished to make his colony a 
refuge for men of his faith, since they were as much dis- 
liked in England at this time as Pm'itans and Separatists 
were. In 1629 he obtained from the king a grant of 
land, which he named Maryland in honor of the queen. 

Maryland was just north of Virginia, and when the 
colonists came they did not find the people of Virginia 
very glad to see them. The government of this new 
colony was to be entirely in the hands of Lord Baltimore, 
and when he died the power would pass on to his son, just 
as it happens in a kingdom when the king dies. Indeed, 
Maryland was much like a little kingdom, with Lord 
Baltimore as its ruler. He was given the right to coin 
money, to appoint judges, and to regulate all the affairs 
of the colony. 

164 



FROM THE OLD WORLD TO THE NEW 165 

The first settlement was made in 1634, and since 
people of all religions were welcomed, many settlers came 
and the colony grew rapidly. In their way of living 
the people of Maryland came to be much like the people 
of Vu'ginia, living on large plantations, raising great 
quantities of tobacco, and keeping many slaves. 

It was not long before other settlements were made 
along the coast. Delaware was settled in 1638 by the 
Swedes. Theu^ colony was soon conquered by the Dutch, 
and became a part of New Netherland. In 1653 came 
the beginning of the settlement of "the Carolinas," 
and in 1663 a charter was obtained for these settlements. 
These came to have a stm-dy population, made up of 
people of many religions and from many lands, — Hugue- 
nots, Scotch and Irish, Germans and Dutch. 

The next year, 1664, marks the beginning of New 
Jersey; and in 1681 Pennsylvania was settled. This 
colony grew to be one of the most important of them all, 
so we must turn our attention once more to England to 
find how the settlement came to be made. 

Of all the forms of religion that had sprimg up during 
the seventeenth century, it is safe to say that the belief 
of the people called Quakers was hated the most. Their 
own name for themselves was " Friends," or sometimes 
" Friends of God," and they believed many things that 
shocked the people of that day. They thought that all 



166 FROM THE OLD WORLD TO THE NEW 

men were equal in the sight of God, so they hated and 
preached against slavery. They would not take off their 
hats even when in the presence of the 
king, believing kings to be no better 
than other people. 

They believed that each man must an- 
swer to God for his sins, so they wished 
to do away with priests and ministers. 
Any one could preach, they said, if the 
spirit of God moved him to do so. Be- 
cause they read in the Bible, " Thou 
shalt not kill," they refused to fight in 
time of war. They were often arrested 
and sent to jail for teaching their be- 
liefs. Still they went on teaching, 
Typical Quaker, bccausc they thought it their duty to 
spread their ideas everjrwhere. 

Among these Quakers we hear of a 3^oung man, well 
educated, and the son of a loyal member of the Church of 
England. It was a great sorrow to the father, who was 
an admiral in the king's navy, that his son should become 
a believer in this hated religion, and he was often angry 
with him about it. Once he made him leave home, but 
he was sorry afterward, and asked him to come back. 

When his father died, the son, whose name was Will- 
iam Penn, was left with a great fortune. By his father's 




FROM. THE OLD WORLD TO THE NEW 



167 



request he was under the care of the Duke of York, the 
brother of the king. He spent his time writing and 
preaching the behefs of the Quakers. He was many times 
sent to prison, but he kept bravely on. 




cJTliJitM. 



It happened that Penn's attention was drawn to Amer- 
ica by his being called upon to settle a difficulty between 
two Quakers who had bought some land in what is now 
New Jersey. This put into his head the idea of founding 



168 FROM THE OLD WORLD TO TH^ NEW 

a colony himself, where the Quakers could come and lead 
quiet lives. Religion again, you see, — first Plymouth, 
then Massachusetts Bay, then Maryland, and now Penn- 
sylvania, all planned as places of refuge for the persecuted 
followers of some belief. 

It was easy for Penn to obtain a grant of land, as the 
king and the Duke of York, the king's brother, were his 
friends. Not only this, but the king owed Penn a large 
amount of money. A grant of land in payment of the 
debt would be easy for the king and just what Penn 
wanted. So William Penn was made proprietor of a 
large piece of land in America between the Delaware 
River and the Maryland colony. His charter was some- 
what like that of Lord Baltimore, though not quite so 
many powers were given to him. He wished to call his 
colony " Sylvania," which means woodland, but the king 
insisted on using Penn's name too, in honor of William's 
father, so the colony was called Pennsylvania, as it is 
to-day. 

The first settlement was made in 1681, many years, yon 
see, after the settlement of the other colonies we have 
studied. But it did not take long for Pennsylvania to 
grow. Before many years had passed it stood third among 
the colonies in the number of its people, only Massachu- 
setts and Virginia being larger. 

The freedom in religious matters in Penn's colony, as 



FROM. THE OLD WORLD TO THE NEW 



169 



well as his plan of selling small farms to colonists at a low 
price, helped to draw people there. Many came from Gejf 
many. Many came also from Scotland and Ireland. In 
1683 the city of Philadelphia was laid out, and it has been 




Scene in Old Philadelphia. 

said that the streets were straighter and the land more 
level than in any city the New World had yet seen. Trees 
were planted along the streets, and before the end of the 
year there were three hundred dwellings in the new city. 

Penn was very wise in dealing with the Indians. He 
made a treaty with them that was not l3roken for more 
than sixty years. It is said that once he had a conference 
with them, at which he pleased them very much by his 
friendly manner. After he had eaten with them as they 
sat upon the ground, up jumped the Indians and began to 
show their delight by dancing about in their strange way, 
and, queerest of all, we are told that Penn danced too. 



170 



FROM THE OLD WORLD TO THE NEW 



harder than any of them. How we should have laughed 
if we had been peeping out from behind some tree. Of 




Penn Treaty Tree. 

course the Indians 
liked him and be- 
''■' lieved in him, and he never 
Y^^^^. ' disappointed them by breaking 

> " any of the promises he made. 
One story more, and we shall then have read something 
about each of the " thirteen original colonies." It was in 

p y7) . 1733, fifty-two years after 
'^^^ Pennsylvania was founded, 
that the last of the 
thirteen was settled. 
General James Ogle- 
thorpe, an English 
_ soldier, was at the 
head of the movement, and 

Penn dancing among 1 • 1 r 1 • 

THE Indians. he ob tamed lor himseli and 




FROM THE OLD WORLD TO THE NEW 



171 



a few friends a grant of land in the southern part of 
South Carohna. It was not Oglethorpe's plan to keep 
this land for himself, but to make a settlement where he 
might do several things which he thought would be for 
the good of England. 

First of all, General Oglethorpe wished to help the poor 
people, of whom there were a great many in England. 
His colony was to be a refuge 
for such people, where they 
could begin life over again. The 
settlement was also intended to 
serve as a military outpost, 
whose people would keep back 
the Indians and the Spanish 
settlers of Florida, who had been 
troubling the colonists of South 
Carolina. 

The new colony was named Georgia, in honor of George 
II, who was then king of England. The first settlement 
was on the Savannah River, and the name of the river was 
given to the town. At first Oglethorpe would not let the 
colonists have any slaves, nor would he allow any alcoholic 
liquors in the settlement. The people of the colony did not 
like either of these laws, and after a while they succeeded 
in having their own way about the matter. After this 
the people were more contented, and the colony flourished. 




.f. f 



General Oglethorpe. 



172 



FROM THE OLD WORLD TO THE NEW 








mm^^^ 






SSaffl :. UT'Xl^^k.X .^ Si^ifiC'^^^^^ " ' .' 



;; i g 1_ 



^ii 



. ~^'i~-^t. 




Savannah in the Eightkenth Century. 

When it was twenty years old, the proprietors, — that 
is, Oglethorpe and his friends, — gave np their right of 
governing the colony to the king. It thus became a 
royal province. 



THINGS TO KEMEMBER 

1. Lord Baltimore, an English Catholic, obtained a grant of land 
just north of Virginia. 

2. In 1634 the colony of Maryland was begun on this grant of 
land. 

3. In Maryland people of all religions were Avelcome. 

4. The government of IMaryland was much like that of a king- 
dom, with Lord Baltimore at its head. 

5. Delaware, North and South Carolina, and New Jersey were 
settled within a few years. 



FROM THE OLD WORLD TO THE NEW 173 

6. Not only Puritans, Separatists, and Catholics were persecuted 
in England, but a new class of people called Quakers. 

7. One of these Quakers, a man named William Penn, founded a 
colony in America. It was called Pennsylvania, and was on the 
Delaware River. 

8. Pennsylvania was settled in 1681. Philadelphia was founded 
two years later. The colony grew very fast. 

9. Georgia was sottled fifty-two years after Pennsylvania was 

founded. 

THINGS TO READ 

1. "Historical Classic Readings," No. 9. 

2. "Old Times in the Colonies," pp. 293-296, 296-301. 

3. " Daring Deed Series," — Penn. 

4. Walton and Brumbaugh's " Stories of Pennsylvania." 

5. Rhoades, " Stories of Philadelphia." 

6. Spencer's " Eirst Steps in North Carolina History." 

7. Stockton's " Stories of New Jersey." 

8. Harris's " Stories of Georgia." 

THINGS TO DO 

1. Find the exact meaning of regulate, iwoprietor, alcoliolic. 

2. Make a map of the eastern coast of North America, showing 
all the settlements about which you have read. 

3. Make a list of the settlements you have put on your map, 
telling when, by whom, and why each was made. 

4. Write the names of what we call the " thirteen original col- 
(mies." Learn the list. Tell how each of the thirteen obtained its 
name. 

5. Make a little book about the colonies, using some of the com- 
positions you have written about them, the pictures you have 
found, and your maps. 



XVIII 



" Were the Indians always friendly ? " you ask. " And 
are the stories we have heard about them and about then- 
attacks upon the colonists not true at all ? " 

No, the Indians were not always friendly, and they did 
many dreadful deeds. In New England the colonists were 

not troubled for 




long; time, but 



a 
the 



trouble came at last. 
So long as the white 
men kept near the 
coast the Indians did 
not harm them. It 
was only when set- 
tlements were made 
farther inland that 
the savages molested 
them. 

The Pequots, a very fierce and powerful tribe, lived in 
the eastern part of Connecticut. They made many of the 
neighboring tribes pay tribute to them, and were hated 
and feared by all the other Indians of New England. 

174 



Indian in War Paint. 



FROM THE OLD WORLD TO THE NEW 175 

Several murders had been comraitted, when the governor 
of Massachusetts decided that it was time to put an end 
to such things. He sent three vessels around the coast to 
Connecticut to punish the Indians. The Pequots were 
ordered to give up the mm^derers, but they refused. 
The English killed about twenty of them and set fire 
to their homes. 

We know enough of Indians to know how they would 
be likely to act after this. The people of the little towns 
which had just been formed on the Connecticut spent 
their first winter in a state of constant alarm. Men were 
killed on then* way to work. One man was captured and 
burned alive. The Indians grew bolder every day. The 
Pequots tried to induce the Narragansetts to join them, 
but Roger Williams persuaded them to help the English 
instead. 

There was to be a war, and the poor little towns on the 
Connecticut, being nearest to the Indians, seemed likely to 
get the worst of it. They appealed to Massachusetts and 
Plymouth for aid, and a small force of men started out 
to attack the Pequots. 

On a moonlight night in May, 1637, the English, with 
their Indian allies, landed near the Pequot stronghold. 
This was a sort of fort or walled village, and there w^ere 
several hundred Indians inside. On the outside stood 
seventy-seven brave Englishmen. The Indian allies were 



176 



FROM THE OLD WORLD TO THE NEW 



afraid, and had hidden in the woods near by. Suddenly 
a cry was heard within the fort. The Indians had dis- 
covered their enemies. They tried to get out of the fort, 
but every gateway was guarded. Many were shot as they 
tried to escape. The village was set on fire, and many 




Pequot Fort. 

more were destroyed. In less than an hour only five 
Indians were left alive out of all those within the fort. 

The Pequot tribe was gone, crushed out in a single 
night. It was an awful act, but it was necessary to 
make the Connecticut valley a safe place for the settlers 



FROM THE OLD WORLD TO THE NEW 



177 



there. This victory made the Indians fear the Enghsh, 
so that it was thnty-eight years before they dared attack 
them again. 

Then, in 1675, began what is known as King Phihp's 
War. Phihp was the son of Massasoit, and since the 
death of his father and his elder brother he had become 
chief of the tribe. He is said to have suspected the white 




New England Block-house, 

men of poisoning his brother. Because of this he plotted 
for years to have revenge. Thirteen years passed after 
Philip became chief before he was ready to carry out his 
plans. Just what these plans were we shall probably 
never know, nor just how many Indians Philip had in- 
terested in them. Many times the English suspected him, 
but they could never prove that he had done anything 
wrong. 



178 FROM THE OLD WORLD TO THE NEW 

The Indians everj^where in New England were getting 
tired of the white men, who were every day coming to 
own more and more of the land that had once belonged 
to the Indians alone. They did not like the way in which 
the white people watched them, nor did they like being 
sent for to come to the towns whenever they were sus- 
pected of any wrong-doing. Most of the tribes were glad 
enough to join Philip in his plan to get rid of the whites. 

At last the awful struggle began, at the little village of 
Swanzey, in Massachusetts, not far from Philip's home. 
The people were murdered, and their houses burned by the 
savages. This was the first of a long list of such deeds. 

At Brook field, one of the towns attacked, all the people 
were gathered for safety into a large house, where they 
lived through three days of awful suspense, with savages 
on every side, screaming and dancing, and trying in every 
way to set the house on fire. 

They shot arrows, tipped with burning rags, upon the 
roof ; but there were watchers in the attic, with buckets 
of water with which to put out the fires as fast as they 
caught. Every window had behind it a man with a gun, 
whose firing Avas so steady that the Indians dared not 
approach the house to set fire to it below. 

On the thnd day the Indians tried a new plan. They 
made a sort of rude cart out of barrels, and heaped it high 
with hay and chips. This they set on fire, intending to 



FROM THE OLD WORLD TO THE NEW 



179 



push it with long poles against the house. The colonists 
were saved, however, by a heavy shower, and soon after 
the savages were driven away by a rescuing party of white 
men. 

The story does not always end with a band of rescuers. 
In the Connecticut valley town after town was destroyed. 




Indians setting Fire to the House at Bkookfield. 

[From an Old Print.] 

and men, women, and children were murdered or carried 
off as captives. It began to look as if New England 
would be a barren wilderness again before this awful war 
was over. 

The Narragansetts, who had at first pretended to be 
still friendly, were no longer so. They sheltered Philip's 



180 FROM THE OLD WORLD TO THE NEW 

wounded warriors, and seemed to be waiting only for the 
spring to make war themselves. A thousand white men 
were gathered to attack them, and there was another 
dreadful scene like that of the Pequot fort. Once more 
the Indians made the mistake of remaining in the fort, 
and probably a thousand of them were killed. 

The Narragansetts were subdued ; the rest of the Ind- 
ians were more wary, and kept out of the way of their 
English pursuers. But their mm'derous work went on. 
Still, a little at a time, the English gained, and at last 
Philip was taken and killed. This did not end the war at 
once, but by 1678 it was all over, and peace reigned once 
more in New England. 

It had been a terrible time to pass through. Twelve 
towns had been entirely destroyed, and more than forty 
had been attacked. A great war debt was to be paid, 
but New England was free from Indian attacks. Homes 
everywhere were safe. The danger from the fierce red 
men was gone forever. 

We must not at once without thought condemn the 
Indians for these attacks upon the white men. Was the 
fault all theirs ? For thousands of years the red man had 
wandered in the forests, free as the birds in the trees 
overhead, or the wolves prowling through the crackling 
underbrush. Was it not all his, this beautiful land of 
green woods and golden sunlight, with rustling leafy 



FROM THE OLD WORLD TO THE NEW 181 

roof and babbling brook and silent river ? Were not the 
meadows and green hillsides his home ? the forests his 
hunting ground? the streams his, and the mountains, and 
the lakes ? Why should he be driven back year by year, 
giving up all these to the strange white men from over 
seas? 

At first it was only along the shore of the Great Water, 
and the Indian accepted his new neighbors and did them 
no harm. But the white men were never satisfied. Year 
by year, almost day by day, they moved farther into the 
forests, frightening away the red man's deer, cutting down 
the red man's trees, and building their ugly wooden houses 
where the Indian had for centuries pitched his tent of 
skins. Why should not the red man fight to preserve 
his home and his ancient freedom ? 

Shall we, then, after thinking of these things, say that 
the fault was with the white men, after all? Not yet; 
we must look at their side too. Here was a great country, 
how great no one at that time knew. Here were fertile 
valleys, wooded hillsides, rivers, harbors, and all unoccu- 
pied save for a few wandering tribes of red men. Should 
these savages be allowed to stand in the way of the march 
of progress, of civilization ? What could the Indian do to 
develop the resources of a great country ? Must he not 
step aside, then, and leave the work to those who were 
better fitted for it? These are questions that have 



182 FROM THE OLD WORLD TO THE NEW 

puzzled older heads than yours, and whatever we may 
think about them, we cannot decide how they should be 
answered. And whether we believe the Indians or the 
white men had the right of the question, we must all see 
that the struggle between them had to come ; and coming, 
it could end only as it did — in the final victory of the 
whites. 

THINGS TO REMEMBER 

1. The people of these early colonies sometimes had great trouble 
with the Indians. 

2. In New England the Indians began to trouble the settlers 
as soon as new settlements were made in the interior of the 
country. 

3. For several years the Pequot Indians molested the people of 
New England. At last the white men made up their minds to pun- 
ish them. In 1637 they attacked a Pequot fort and killed almost 
the whole tribe. 

4. In 1675 there was more trouble with the Indians. This 
was known as King Philip's War. It was a terrible time for the 
colonists. At last the settlers conquered, and the Indians made no 
more serious trouble in New England. 

THINGS TO READ 

1. " Stories of Heroic Deeds," pp. 27-29, 31-34. 

2. Markham's " Colonial Days," pp. 22-35. 

3. " Historical Classic Readings," No. 4. 

4. '^ Stories of Our Country," pp. 37-44. 



FROM THE OLD WORLD TO THE NEW 183 

THINGS TO DO 

1. Find the exact meaning of preserve, ancient, fertile, progress, 
civilization, develop, resources. 

2. Find out "whetlier there were ever any Indians near where 
you live. 

3. Look for Indian arrow-heads and other weapons in your mu- 
seum, if there is one in your town. 



XIX 



We have reached the end of oiir story. The New 
World is discovered. Colonies are planted there, and 
year by year are growing prosperous and happy. The 
whole eastern slope of North America, from the St. Law- 
rence to Florida, is occupied by the white men who have 
come from Europe. We may hear Spanish in Florida, 
French on the shores of the St. Lawrence and the mighty 
Mississippi. We may hear Dutch and German and 
Swedish in the settlements along the Atlantic shore. 
But it is England that owns that shore. It was a great 
thing for England when she obtained New York from 
the Dutch. There, in the middle of that eastern shore, 
New York made a link in the chain of England's posses- 
sions, where New Amsterdam would have served only 
to cut that chain in two. 

The English have proved the best colonizers of them 
all. The Spanish colonists, led by the hope of fiudmg 
gold and treasure, failed again and again, and have only 
St. Augustine and Sante Fe to show for all their labor 
in North America. The Dutch also have failed, since 
their colony has fallen into English hands. 

184 



FROM THE OLD WORLD TO THE NEW 187 

The French colonies are mostly forts and government 
posts, under the direct care of the king, his ministers, 
and the Chm-ch. These are not failures, but they have 
in 1700 only ten thousand people, while the Enghsh have 
more than two hundred thousand. 

It is the English settlements that have flourished, 
then, more than any of the others. What is the reason 
for this ? Partly the position and climate of their colo- 
nies, perhaps. They were well situated on the Atlantic 
coast, no doubt ; but so were the French on the St. 
Lawrence and the Mississippi and the Great Lakes. 
Some have thought that it was the Indian corn that 
made the English colonies stronger than the others. 
This sm'ely was a great blessing to the English settlers. 
Though they had never seen it before coming to America, 
they soon raised large crops of it. It was easy to plant 
and easy to harvest. The climate in New France was 
too cold for it to grow well there, so the English received 
the greatest benefit from the Indian grain. It is not too 
much to say that it many times kept the people from 
starvation, and did much to make the colonies a success. 

It could not have been government assistance that 
made the English colonies more prosperous than the 
others, as their rulers did little for them except to let 
them alone. Perhaps this very neglect helped to make 
them sturdy and self-reliant. It certainly made possible 



188 FROM THE OLD AVORLD TO THE NEW 

the self-government without which their history would 
have been very different from what it has been. 

We have watched the little shiploads land on the 
strange and lonely shore; we have seen the little towns 
spring up; w^e have watched the chiu^ches being built, 
— here Cathohc, there Puritan or Separatist, Quaker or 
Episcopal; we have seen fortimes made in this New 
World, and we have seen fortunes left behind by those 
who came for the greater riches of freedom. We have 
seen a race grow up whose love for liberty is part of 
their daily life, who are strong and sturdy, and who 
can govern themselves. 

We are ready for a new story, one that shall tell us 
what became of these many little colonies, and to whom 
the New World belongs to-day. 



FROM THE OLD WORLD TO THE NEW 



189 



z 
m 
o 

tc 






1638. Settle- 
ment made 
on the Del- 
aware. 

1655. Terri- 
tory seized 
by "the 
Dutch. 

Lost all claim 
on N.A. 




c 
< 
1-1 






1609. Hud- 
son found 
Hudson 
River. 

1623. New 
Amsterdam 
settled. 

1655. Seized 
New 
Sweden. 

1664. New 
Amsterdam 
seized by 
the English. 

Lost all claim 
on N.A. 




c 
z 


4-3 
CO 

O 
O 

d • 

■".2 

■'1 
o<l 

^§ 

5o 

1-1 


1583. Sir Humphrey Gil- 
bert tried to found a 
colony. 

1585. Raleigh's "lost col- 
ony." 


1607. Jamestown settled. 

1620. Plymouth settled. 

1623. New Hampshire set- 
tled. 

1628. Salem settled. 

1630. Boston settled. 

1633 to 1636. Connecticut 
settled. 

1634. Maryland settled. 

1636. Providence settled. 

1638. New Haven settled. 

1653 to 1663. North and 
South Carolina settled. 

1664. Seized New Amster- 
dam. 

1664. New Jer.sey begun. 

1681. Pennsylvania settled. 


0) 

'?'■ 

o 

o 

eo 
eo 

iH 


z 




1524. Ver- 
razano ex- 
plored coast 
of N.A. 
1534. Car- 
tier took 
possession 
of the St. 
Lawrence. 


1605. Port 

Koval set- 
tled. 

liec settled. 

1615-1669. 

Great Lakes 

found. 

Continued 

work of 

exploration. 

1678-1687. 

La Salle's 
explorations. 




< 

g 


1497. Ves- 
pucius ex- 
plored coast 
of South 
America. 


Made no 
claim to 

North 
America. 






2 

< 
0. 


1492. Columbus dis- 
covered the New 
World. 


1512. Ponce de Leon 
found Florida. 

1513. Balboa discov- 
ered the Pacific. 

1519-1522. Magel- 
lan's ship sailed 
around the world. 

1541. De Soto found 
the Mississippi. 

1565. St. Augustine 
founded. 






s 


Before 
1500 


1500- 
1600 


o 
o 

o 

CD 

T-t 





190 



FROM THE OLD WORLD TO THE NEW 



SUGGESTED HEADINGS FOR REVIEW FORMS 



Land Discovered 



By Whom 



"When 



For Whom 



Date 



Explorer (Nationality) 



Regions Visited 



Settlements Made 



Colony First Settlement By Whom 



Names OF People* Where they lived One or two things you know about them 




1 Such people as John Smith, Massasoit, Bradford, Lord Baltimore, etc. 

2 Such places as Plymouth, Quebec, St. Augustine, Providence, etc. 



BOOK LIST 



Title 
American Indians 
America's Godfather 
Brave Little Holland 
Colonial Days 

Colonial Life in New Hamp- 
shire 
Darhig Deeds Series (Great 

Peacemaker) 
De Soto in the Land of Florida 
Discoverers and Explorei's 
Discovery of the Old Northwest 
Exploits of Myles Standish 
First Steps in North Carolina 

History 
Heroes of Histoiy 

Historical Classic Readings 
Heroes of the Middle West 

Indian History for Young 

Folks 
Making of the Great West 
Making of New England 
New England Legends 
Old South Leaflets 



Old Times in the Colonies 
Pilgrims and Puritans 

Soldier Rigdale 
Spanish Pioneers 
Standish of Standish 
Stories of Discovery 
Stories of Georgia 



Author 


Publishers 


Price 


Frederick Starr 


D. C. Heath & Co. 


$0.45 each 


Vii'ginia Johnson 


Estes, Lauriat 


0.75 


W. E. Griffis 


Houghton, Mifflin & Co. 


0.60 


Markham 


Dodd, Mead & Co. 


2.00 


James Fasset 


Ginu & Co. 


0.60 




Lee & Shepard 


1.00 each 


Grace King 


Macmillan Co. 


1.50 


Edward R. Shaw 


American Book Co. 


0.35 


James Baldwin 


American Book Co. 


0.60 


Henry Johnson 


D. AiDpleton 


0.75 


C. P. Spencer 


American Book Co. 


0.75 


Towle 


Lee & Shepard 


1.50 




School edition 


0.60 




Maynard, Merrill & Co. 


0.12 each 


Mary Hartwell 


Ginn & Co. 


0.50 


Cathei'wood 






F. S. Drake 


Harper & Bros. 


3.00 


S. A. Drake 


Chas. Scribner's Sons 


1.75 


S. A. Drake 


Chas. Scribner's Sons 


1.50 


S. A. Drake 


Little, Brown & Co. 


1.60 




Directors of Old South 


0.05 each 




Work, Old South 






Meeting House, Bos- 






ton 




C. C. Coffin 


Harper & Bros. 


2.00 


Nina Moore Tif- 


Ginn & Co. 


0.60 


fany 






Beulah Marie Dix 


Macmillan Co. 


1.50 


Chas. Lummis 






Jane Austin 


Houghton, Mifflin & Co. 


1.25 


E. E. Hale 


Little, Brown & Co. 


1.00 


J. C. Harris 


American Book Co. 


0.60 



191 



192 


BOOK LIST 




Title 


Author 


Publishers 


Pkice 


Stories of Heroic Deeds 


James Johonnot 


American Book Co. 


$0.30 


Story of Massachusetts 


E. E. Hale 


D. Lothrop & Co. 


1.50 


Stories of New Jersey 


F. R. Stockton 


American Book Co. 


0.60 


Stories of Our Countiy 


James Johonnot 


American Book Co. 


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DIFFICULT WORDS SELECTED FROM TEXT 



CHAPTER I 


confusion 


courage 


discovery 

accomplished 

disclosing 

continent 

necessary 

European 


attention 

diamonds 

Cathay 

mysterious 

Cipango 

caravans 

Caspian 


difficulties 

geographers 

estimates 

anxious 

assistance 

secretly 

frightened 


CHAPTER II 


Persian 
Constantinople 


determined 
impatient 


Vikings 


commercial 


imagine 


adventure 


Bosporus 


preparations 


kinsmen 


eleventh 


provided 


pleasantest 


possession 


Palos 


settlements 


Christian 


pleasure 


snowbound 


Mediterranean 


repairing 


Vinland 


pilgrims 


loneliness 


abundant 


worship 


pitiless 


attempts 


intruders 


admiral 


described 


Crusades 


disappointed 


exchanging 


capturing 


intent 


explore 


centuries 


eyed 


crested 


succeeded 


homesick 


restive 


increase 


homeward 


cleaves 


commerce 


furled 


seething 


curiosity 




northvFestern 


wonderful 


CHAPTER V 


northeastern 
colony 
Leif 
Ericsson 

CHAPTER III 


arousing 

encouraged 

Portuguese 

CHAPTER IV 

probably 


preparations 

possession 

silvery 

proclaimed 

dominion 

Isabella 


knowledge 


interested 


newcomers 


unexpected 


Genoa 


Spaniards 



193 



194 



DIFFICULT WORDS 



understand 
misunderstood 


Magellan 
perseverance 


CHAPTER IX 


sought 


journeying 


steadily 


splendor 


astonishment 


profitable 


Bahamas 


terrible 


undertaken 


Hispaniola 


Philippine 


decision 


astonish 




Verrazano 


accident 


CHAPTER VII 


Jacques 


impossible 
commander 


voyagers 
glistening 


Cartier 
approached 


disobeyed 


sheltering 


quaint 


provisions 


warriors 


occupies 


brilliantly 


circling 


disturbed 


cinnamon 


hoarse 


jMontreal 


seventeenth 


stretched 


establish 


Cadiz 


lazily 
invisible 


religious 


continue 


Catholic 


exploration 


patience 


Protestants 


forlorn 


counsel 


dangerous 


progi-ess 


hideous 


colonizing 


Vasco da Gama 


torturing 


Huguenots 


announced 


ancient 


poverty 


enterprise 


differing 


discouraged 


rebellion 


customs 


colonists 


authority 




hopefully 


finally 




discontent 


released 


CHAPTER VIII 


starvation 


shipwrecked 


especially 


fluttering 


discouraged 


leagues 


destroy 


Castile 


governor 


industry 


Leon 


appointed 


valuable 




expeditions 


important 


CHAPTER VI 


conquered 


leadership 


direction 


inhabited 


Champlain 


permission 


civilized 


wilderness 


interfering 


treasure 


La Salle 


Labrador 


peninsula 


Marquette 


Amerigo Vespucci 


unsuccessful 


faithful 


Americus Vespucius 


disappointment 


followers 


educated 


Menendez 


priests 


navigation 


St. Augustine 


convert 


gradually 


southernmost 


neighboring 



DIFFICULT WORDS 



195 



Louisiana 


victory 


disgusted 


exciting 


passenger 


Delaware 


Illinois 


impatient 


arrivals 


encouraged 


Croatan 


adventurers 


misfortunes 


agreement 


explosion 


perseverance 


Raleigh 


gunpowder 


CHAPTER X 


CHAPTER XI 


devoured 
cannibals 


fertile 


hesitated 


dwindled 


injure 


ministers 


Bermuda 


Elizabeth 


several 


miserable 


believers 


council 


disappointment 


heretics 


companies 


sorrowful 


disagreeable 


Plymouth 


sturdily 


profitable 


adventurous 


prospered 


treacherously 


discontented 


welfare 


government 


perfumes 


profitable 


independence 


laborers 


plantations 


captured 


quarrels 


tobacco 


devised 


approached 


ari'angement 


valuable 


Chesapeake 


negroes 


preparing 


successful 


slavery 


declared 


harvesting 


feature 


determined 


unhealthful 


lawmaking 


mistress 


neighbors 


assembly 


meanwhile 


Powhatans 


Burgesses 


Humphrey 


companions 


interfere 


Gilbert 


compass 


prosperity 


Newfoundland 


delighted 


loyalty 


favorite 


Pocahontas 


neighboring 


especially 
weakening 


CHAPTER XII 


household 
cordial 


Roanoke 


president 


mingled 


granddaughter 


politeness 


oaken 


Virginia 


emperor 


reigning 


extended 
excitement 


majesty 
proceeded 


CHAPTER 


rousing 


raccoon 


prosperous 


welcome 


blisters 


established 


cruisers 


offender 


concerned 


laborers 


swearing 


subjects 


impossible 


oaths 


satisfied 



196 



DIFFICULT WORDS 



purified 


canals 


patroon 


condemned 


plentiful 


forbidden 


amusements 


persecuted 


elected 


fashions 


independence 


represent 


enemies 


position 


control 


Puritans 


natural 


Minuit 


Separatists 


reloaded 


purchased 


congregation 


Java 


guilders 


increasing 


Sumatra 


vegetables 


harshly 


Molucca 


peacefully 


journeyed 


invincible 


gossiped 


behaved 


armada 


brewing 


volunteered 


defeated 


nevertheless 


rickety 


possession 


reminded 


attached 


introduced 


frequent 


crowded 


merchants 


bitterest 


wandering 


navigators 


conquer 


throughout 


resolved 


subdued 


prowling 


direction 


rivaliy 


feathered 


route 


unruly 


pestilence 


descriptions 


inquire 


disease 


Palisades 


Stuyvesant 


punishment 


Catskills 


levelled 


disturbed 


occasional 


stalks 


grimmer 


mountainous 


sorrowfully 


sufferers 


twanging 


perished 


renewed 


Amsterdam 


i^TT A x>rnTr'T> 


Thanksgiving 


flowery 


CHAPTLK 


different 


businesslike 


Massachusetts 


homesteads 


disobeyed 


doctrines 


dwellings 
pewter 


CHAPTER XV 


educated 
Harvard 


daintiest 


ammunition 


regulated 


appetites 


permanent 


considered 


Massasoit 


organize 


dangerous 


contribution 


Manhattan 


opinions 


discouraged 


flourished 


Providence 


endured 


Netherland 


commotion 


CHAPTER XIV 


satisfied 
solemnly 


Hutchinson 
organized 


struggling 


induce 


notify 


colonization 


estate 


Connecticut 



DIFFICULT WORDS 



197 



CHAPTER XVII 

Baltimore 

establishing 

government 

entirely 

quantities 

conquered 

Pennsylvania 

seventeenth 

Quakers 

presence 

difficulty 

persecuted 

proprietor 

conference 



disappointed 

original 

Oglethorpe 

military 

alcoholic 

liquors 

flourished 

CHAPTER XVIII 

molested 

Pequots 

murderers 

Narragansetts 

appealed 

allies 



necessary 

suspected 

poisoning 

Swanzey 

suspense 

intending 

rescuers 

murderous 

CHAPTER XIX 

colonizers 

situated 

benefit 

assistance 

Episcopal 



HISTORY READER 

For Elementary Schools 

Arranged with special reference to Holidays 
By Lucy Langdon Williams Wilson, Ph.D. 



In One Volume. Illustrated. Cloth. i6mo. Price 60 cents, net. 
In Five Parts. Paper. i6nio. Each, price 20 cents, net. 



COMMENTS 

E. H. McLACHLIN, Superintendent of Schools, South Hadley Falls, Mass. 

" I like the appearance of your book very much, and the idea of presenting 
history to young children in the form of history readings is the correct way." 

CHARLES B. JENNINGS, Superintendent of Schools, New London, Conn. 

" It is admirable. When I next purchase books for supplementary read- 
ing, I shall certainly add some ' Wilson's History Readers.' " 

GEORGE L. SMITH, Superintendent of Schools, Barrington, R.I. 

" I like it very much indeed, and will order some of the books for supple- 
mentary reading." 

MRS. S. E. PINGREE, Superintendent of Schools, Hartford, Vt. 

" I have examined the Reader, and think it a desirable and beautiful book, 
and shall order some for one of the schools, certainly, and possibly more." 

W. W. ANDREWS, Principal of Butler Grammar School, Portland, Me. 

"I think it is an excellent book; in fact, the best of its kind that I have 
ever seen." 

F. A. BRACKETT, Principal of North-East School, Hartford, Conn. 

" I am more than pleased with it. In my judgment it is by far the best 
of the books of its kind that has come to my notice. It shall be the very first 
to be put into our school for supplementary reading." 



THE MACMILLAN COMPANY 

66 FIFTH AVENUE, NEW YORK 

CHICAGO ATLANTA BOSTON SAN FRANCISCO 

378 Wabash Ave. 135 Whitehall St. 100 Boylston St. 319-325 Sansome St. 



A Short History of the United States 

FOR GRAMMAR GRADES 

By Edward Channing 

Author of "A Student's History of the United States," etc. 



Half leather. i2mo. 90 cents, net 



COMMENTS 

J. A. TUTTLE, Superintendent of Schools, Boothbay Harbor, Me. 

" I am much pleased with its contents and arrangement. The essentials 
are there in language the average child can understand. The convenient ref- 
erences to other books is an improvement the wide-awake teacher will appre- 
ciate." 

LEWIS E. FUNNELL, Principal Elm Street School, Stamford, Conn. 

" I am delighted with Channing's Short History, ft is admirably adapted to 
the needs of the highest grammar grades. In this presentation of our country's 
history are combined the broad scholarship of the university professor and the 
skill of the grammar school teacher. Altogether it is an ideal text-book." 

N. G. KINGSLEY, Principal Doyle-Avenue Grammar School, Providence, R.I. 

" It is an admirable presentation of the origin and growth of our 
nation. From cover to cover it is made intensely interesting, not only by 
striking illustrations and complete maps, but by the arrangement of the text 
and the facts presented in a clear, logical manner. The references to 
other text-books in history is a commendable feature. I fully agree with the 
author's statement in the preface as to the best method of studying the history 
of our country." 

G. H. KNOWLTON, Superintendent of Schools, Swansea, Seekonk, and Free- 
town, Mass. 

"It is desirable on account of its brevity; its marginal references to other 
books is an excellent feature; the maps are good; and I like the use of chap- 
ters rather than sharply marked divisions by administrations." 



PUBLISHED BY 

THE MACMILLAN COMPANY 

66 FIFTH AVENUE, NEW YORK 

BOSTON CHICAQO SAN FRANCISCO ATLANTA 

100 Boylston St. 378 Wabash Ave. 319-325 Sansome St. 135 Whitehall St. 



